{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:29:49Z","timestamp":1750220989682,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ford-MIT Alliance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Travel time in urban centers is a significant contributor to the quality of living of its citizens. Mobility on Demand (MoD) services such as Uber and Lyft have revolutionized the transportation infrastructure, enabling new solutions for passengers. Shared MoD services have shown that a continuum of solutions can be provided between the traditional private transport for an individual and the public mass transit-based transport, by making use of the underlying cyber-physical substrate that provides advanced, distributed, and networked computational and communicational support. In this article, we propose a novel shared mobility service using a dynamic framework. This framework generates a dynamic route for multi-passenger transport, optimized to reduce time costs for both the shuttle and the passengers and is designed using a new concept of a space window. This concept introduces a degree of freedom that helps reduce the cost of the system involved in designing the optimal route. A specific algorithm based on the Alternating Minimization approach is proposed. Its analytical properties are characterized. Detailed computational experiments are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach and are shown to result in an order of magnitude improvement in the computational efficiency with minimal optimality gap when compared to a standard Mixed Integer Quadratically Constrained Programming-based algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3300181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T14:04:16Z","timestamp":1572876256000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Dynamic Routing Framework for Shared Mobility Services"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuradha M.","family":"Annaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Eric","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Let\u2019s check&excl","year":"2013","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"ReinventingParking.org. [n.d.]. \u201c Cars are parked 95% of the time .\u201d Let\u2019s check&excl ; Retrieved from http:\/\/www.reinventingparking.org\/ 2013 \/02\/cars-are-parked-95-of-time-lets-check.html. ReinventingParking.org. [n.d.]. \u201cCars are parked 95% of the time.\u201d Let\u2019s check&excl; Retrieved from http:\/\/www.reinventingparking.org\/2013\/02\/cars-are-parked-95-of-time-lets-check.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"MediaFord.com. [n.d.]. Ford Dynamic Shuttle service moves from experiment to pilot providing point-to-point shuttle rides for Employess. Retrieved from https:\/\/media.ford.com\/content\/fordmedia\/fna\/us\/en\/news\/2015\/12\/10\/ford-dynamic-shuttle-service-moves-from-experiment-to-pilot.html.  MediaFord.com. [n.d.]. Ford Dynamic Shuttle service moves from experiment to pilot providing point-to-point shuttle rides for Employess. Retrieved from https:\/\/media.ford.com\/content\/fordmedia\/fna\/us\/en\/news\/2015\/12\/10\/ford-dynamic-shuttle-service-moves-from-experiment-to-pilot.html."},{"volume-title":"Ford partnering with global cities on new transportation","year":"2016","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"MediaFord.com. [n.d.]. Ford partnering with global cities on new transportation ; Chariot Shuttle to be acquired, Ford Gobike to launch in San Francisco. Retrieved from https:\/\/media.ford.com\/content\/fordmedia\/fna\/us\/en\/news\/ 2016 \/09\/09\/ford-partnering-with-global-cities-on-new-transportation--chario.html. MediaFord.com. [n.d.]. Ford partnering with global cities on new transportation; Chariot Shuttle to be acquired, Ford Gobike to launch in San Francisco. Retrieved from https:\/\/media.ford.com\/content\/fordmedia\/fna\/us\/en\/news\/2016\/09\/09\/ford-partnering-with-global-cities-on-new-transportation--chario.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611675114"},{"volume-title":"Demand Responsive Transport Services: Towards the Flexible Mobility Agency. ENEA","author":"Ambrosino Giorgio","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Giorgio Ambrosino , J. D. Nelson , and Maurizio Romanazzo . 2004. Demand Responsive Transport Services: Towards the Flexible Mobility Agency. ENEA , Italian National Agency for New Technologies , Energy and the Environment. Giorgio Ambrosino, J. D. Nelson, and Maurizio Romanazzo. 2004. Demand Responsive Transport Services: Towards the Flexible Mobility Agency. ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2790841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Alfred Auslender. 1976. Optimisation. M\u00e9thodes num\u00e9riques.  Alfred Auslender. 1976. Optimisation. M\u00e9thodes num\u00e9riques."},{"volume-title":"Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming","author":"Berthold Timo","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Timo Berthold , Stefan Heinz , and Stefan Vigerske . 2012. Extending a CIP framework to solve MIQCP s . In Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming . Springer , 427--444. Timo Berthold, Stefan Heinz, and Stefan Vigerske. 2012. Extending a CIP framework to solve MIQCP s. In Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming. Springer, 427--444."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Ang Jr","author":"Chong Z. J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Z. J. Chong , Baoxing Qin , Tirthankar Bandyopadhyay , Tichakorn Wongpiromsarn , Brice Rebsamen , P. Dai , E. S. Rankin , and Marcelo H . Ang Jr . 2013 . Autonomy for mobility on demand. In Intelligent Autonomous Systems 12. Springer , 671--682. Z. J. Chong, Baoxing Qin, Tirthankar Bandyopadhyay, Tichakorn Wongpiromsarn, Brice Rebsamen, P. Dai, E. S. Rankin, and Marcelo H. Ang Jr. 2013. Autonomy for mobility on demand. In Intelligent Autonomous Systems 12. Springer, 671--682."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1060.0283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"205","article-title":"Information geometry and alternating minimization procedures","volume":"1","author":"Csisz\u00e1r Imre","year":"1984","unstructured":"Imre Csisz\u00e1r . 1984 . Information geometry and alternating minimization procedures . Statistics and Decisions 1 (1984), 205 -- 237 . Imre Csisz\u00e1r. 1984. Information geometry and alternating minimization procedures. Statistics and Decisions 1 (1984), 205--237.","journal-title":"Statistics and Decisions"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6377(99)00074-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"IBM. 2016. Building a smarter transportation management network. Retrieved from https:\/\/www-01.ibm.com\/common\/ssi\/cgi-bin\/ssialias?htmlfid&equals;LBW03019USEN.  IBM. 2016. Building a smarter transportation management network. Retrieved from https:\/\/www-01.ibm.com\/common\/ssi\/cgi-bin\/ssialias?htmlfid&equals;LBW03019USEN."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2488608.2488693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Paul Kampe. [n.d.]. Ford-Owned Ride-Sharing Service Chariot Expands to New York City. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.at.ford.com\/en\/homepage\/news-and-clipsheet\/news\/2017\/7\/chariot0.html.  Paul Kampe. [n.d.]. Ford-Owned Ride-Sharing Service Chariot Expands to New York City. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.at.ford.com\/en\/homepage\/news-and-clipsheet\/news\/2017\/7\/chariot0.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.10.2756"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.10.294"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02096261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2158539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/321043.321046"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2008.2011442"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Rheinboldt","author":"Ortega James M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"James M. Ortega and Werner C . Rheinboldt . 2000 . Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations in Several Variables. SIAM. James M. Ortega and Werner C. Rheinboldt. 2000. Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Equations in Several Variables. 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