{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T19:11:42Z","timestamp":1775934702485,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research in the Internet of Things (IoT) conceives a world where everyday objects are connected to the Internet and exchange, store, process, and collect data from the surrounding environment. IoT devices are becoming essential for supporting the delivery of data to enable electronic services, but they are not sufficient in most cases to host application services directly due to their intrinsic resource constraints. Fog Computing (FC) can be a suitable paradigm to overcome these limitations, as it can coexist and cooperate with centralized Cloud systems and extends the latter toward the network edge. In this way, it is possible to distribute resources and services of computing, storage, and networking along the Cloud-to-Things continuum. As such, FC brings all the benefits of Cloud Computing (CC) closer to end (user) devices. This article presents a survey on the employment of FC to support IoT devices and services. The principles and literature characterizing FC are described, highlighting six IoT application domains that may benefit from the use of this paradigm. The extension of Cloud systems towards the network edge also creates new challenges and can have an impact on existing approaches employed in Cloud-based deployments. Research directions being adopted by the community are highlighted, with an indication of which of these are likely to have the greatest impact. An overview of existing FC software and hardware platforms for the IoT is also provided, along with the standardisation efforts in this area initiated by the OpenFog Consortium (OFC).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3301443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T07:57:40Z","timestamp":1554191860000},"page":"1-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":269,"title":["Fog Computing for the Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Puliafito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florence, Italy and University of Pisa, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Mingozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Puliafito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Aazam M. St-Hilaire C. Lung I. Lambadaris and E. Huh. 2018. IoT resource estimation challenges and modeling in Fog. In Fog Computing in the Internet of Things: Intelligence at the Edge. Springer International Publishing 17--31.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57639-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647985.743843"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-016-1634-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Edge cloud computing technologies for Internet of Things: A primer","volume":"4","author":"Ai Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Y. Ai, M. Peng, and K. Zhang. 2018. Edge cloud computing technologies for Internet of Things: A primer. Dig. Commun. Netw. 4, 2 (Apr. 2018), 77--86.","journal-title":"Dig. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2805369"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE\u201917)","author":"Ali S.","unstructured":"S. Ali and M. Ghazal. 2017. Real-time heart attack mobile detection service (RHAMDS): An IoT use case for software defined networks. In Proceedings of the 30th IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE\u201917). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2017. AWS Network Latency Map. Retrieved from https:\/\/datapath.io\/resources\/blog\/aws-network-latency-map\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2018. AWS Greengrass. Retrieved from https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/greengrass\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"E. Amiot. 2015. The Internet of Things: Disrupting Traditional Business Models. Technical Report. Oliver Wyman. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.oliverwyman.com\/content\/dam\/oliver-wyman\/global\/en\/2015\/jun\/Internet-of-Things_Report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"IEEE Standards Association. 2018. 1934\u2014IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Adoption of OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/develop\/project\/1934.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Fog Computing and the Internet of Things: A review","volume":"10","author":"Atlam H. F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"H. F. Atlam, R. J. Walters, and G. B. Wills. 2018. Fog Computing and the Internet of Things: A review. J. Big Data Cogn. Comput. 10, 2 (Apr. 2018).","journal-title":"J. Big Data Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2717482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700363"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MedPower\u201916)","author":"Beligianni F.","unstructured":"F. Beligianni, M. Alamaniotis, A. Fevgas, P. Tsompanopoulou, P. Bozanis, and L. H. Tsoukalas. 2016. An Internet of Things architecture for preserving privacy of energy consumption. In Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion (MedPower\u201916). 1--7."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007748.3007777"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC\u201917)","author":"Bellavista P.","unstructured":"P. Bellavista, A. Zanni, and M. Solimando. 2017. A migration-enhanced edge computing support for mobile devices in hostile environments. In Proceedings of the 13th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC\u201917). 957--962."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Botta W. de Donato V. Persico and A. Pescap\u00e8. 2016. Integration of cloud computing and Internet of Things: A survey. Future Gen. Comput. Syst. 56 (Mar. 2016) 684--700. 10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSDIS.2015.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC\u201916)","author":"Brennand C. A. R. L.","unstructured":"C. A. R. L. Brennand, F. D. da Cunha, G. Maia, E. Cerqueira, A. A. F. Loureiro, and L. A. Villas. 2016. FOX: A traffic management system of computer-based vehicles FOG. In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC\u201916). 982--987."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC\u201917)","author":"De Brito M. S.","unstructured":"M. S. De Brito, S. Hoque, T. Magedanz, R. Steinke, A. Willner, D. Nehls, O. Keils, and F. Schreiner. 2017. A service orchestration architecture for Fog-enabled infrastructures. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC\u201917). 127--132."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2701408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM\u201916)","author":"Bruneo D.","unstructured":"D. Bruneo, S. Distefano, F. Longo, G. Merlino, A. Puliafito, V. D\u2019Amico, M. Sapienza, and G. Torrisi. 2016. Stack4Things as a Fog Computing platform for smart city applications. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM\u201916). 848--853."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC\u201916)","author":"Bruschi R.","unstructured":"R. Bruschi, P. Lago, G. Lamanna, C. Lombardo, and S. Mangialardi. 2016. OpenVolcano: An open-source software platform for Fog Computing. In Proceedings of the 28th International Teletraffic Congress (ITC\u201916). 22--27."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES\u201916)","author":"Brzoza-Woch R.","unstructured":"R. Brzoza-Woch, M. Konieczny, P. Nawrocki, T. Szydlo, and K. Zielinski. 2016. Embedded systems in the application of Fog Computing\u2014Levee monitoring use case. In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES\u201916). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS\u201915)","author":"Cao Y.","unstructured":"Y. Cao, S. Chen, P. Hou, and D. Brown. 2015. FAST: A Fog Computing assisted distributed analytics system to monitor fall for stroke mitigation. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS\u201915). 2--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Secure registration and remote attestation of IoT devices joining the cloud: The Stack4Things case of study. In Security and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems. Wiley-Blackwell","volume":"7","author":"Celesti A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Celesti, M. Fazio, F. Longo, G. Merlino, and A. Puliafito. 2017. Secure registration and remote attestation of IoT devices joining the cloud: The Stack4Things case of study. In Security and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems. Wiley-Blackwell, Chap. 7, 137--156.","journal-title":"Chap."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-013-0489-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM\u201916)","author":"Chen N.","unstructured":"N. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. You, H. Ling, P. Liang, and R. Zimmermann. 2016. Dynamic urban surveillance video stream processing using Fog Computing. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM\u201916). 105--112."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2006.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2747214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM\u201915)","author":"Ciftcioglu E. N.","unstructured":"E. N. Ciftcioglu, K. S. Chan, R. Urgaonkar, S. Wang, and T. He. 2015. Security-aware service migration for tactical mobile micro-Clouds. In Proceedings of the IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM\u201915). 1058--1063."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2015. Fog Computing and the Internet of Things: Extend the Cloud to where the Things are. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en_us\/solutions\/trends\/iot\/docs\/computing-overview.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Cisco Visual Networking Index","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cisco. 2017. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2016-2021. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/service-provider\/visual-networking-index-vni\/mobile-white-paper-c11-520862.pdf.","journal-title":"Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2018. Cisco 800 Series Industrial Integrated Services Routers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/routers\/800-series-industrial-routers\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2018. Cisco IOx. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/cloud-systems-management\/iox\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2018. Compute Modules for the Cisco 1000 Series Connected Grid Routers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/products\/collateral\/routers\/1000-series-connected-grid-routers\/datasheet-c78-739683.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"OpenFog Consortium. 2017. OpenFog Reference Architecture for Fog Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/OpenFog_Reference_Architecture_2_09_17-FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"OpenFog Consortium. 2018. Definition of Fog Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/resources\/#definition-of-fog-computing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"OpenFog Consortium. 2018. OpenFog Consortium\u2014Member Companies. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/membership-information\/#member-companies."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"OpenFog Consortium. 2018. Top 10 Myths of Fog Computing. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/top-10-myths-of-fog-computing\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Fog Computing: Principles, architectures, and applications. Retrieved from arXiv:1601.02752.","author":"Dastjerdi A. V.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. V. Dastjerdi, H. Gupta, R. N. Calheiros, S. K. Ghosh, and R. Buyya. 2016. Fog Computing: Principles, architectures, and applications. Retrieved from arXiv:1601.02752."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3131885.3131918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Application of the Fog Computing paradigm to smart factories and cyber-physical systems","volume":"29","author":"de Brito M. S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. S. de Brito, S. Hoque, R. Steinke, A. Willner, and T. Magedanz. 2017. Application of the Fog Computing paradigm to smart factories and cyber-physical systems. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 29, 4 (May 2017), 1--14.","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. C. Delicato P. F. Pires and T. Batista. 2017. The resource management challenge in IoT. In Resource Management for Internet of Things. Springer International Publishing 7--18.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54247-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Dell Technologies. 2018. Gateways 8 Embedded Computing. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dell.com\/en-us\/work\/shop\/cty\/sc\/gateways-embedded-pcs?stp_redir&equals;false8 ck&equals;mn."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Challenges, limitation and security issues on mobile computing","volume":"4","author":"Dhingra N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"N. Dhingra. 2014. Challenges, limitation and security issues on mobile computing. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 4, 5 (Oct. 2014), 3459--3462.","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2009.935537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2014.2312079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS\u201917)","author":"Dupont C.","unstructured":"C. Dupont, R. Giaffreda, and L. Capra. 2017. Edge computing in IoT context: Horizontal and vertical linux container migration. In Proceedings of the Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS\u201917). 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science 8 Engineering (CONFLUENCE\u201917)","author":"Dutta J.","unstructured":"J. Dutta and S. Roy. 2017. IoT-fog-cloud-based architecture for smart city: Prototype of a smart building. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science 8 Engineering (CONFLUENCE\u201917). 237--242."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. M. Elmisery S. Rho and D. Botvich. 2016. A fog-based middleware for automated compliance with OECD privacy principles in Internet of Healthcare Things. IEEE Access 4 (Oct. 2016) 8418--8441.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2631546"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"ETSI. 2017. ETSI and OpenFog Consortium collaborate on Fog and Edge Applications. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/news-events\/news\/1216-2017-09-news-etsi-and-openfog-consortium-collaborate-on-fog-and-edge-applications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","unstructured":"ETSI. 2017. ETSI Multi-access Edge Computing Starts Second Phase and Renews Leadership Team. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/news-events\/news\/1180-2017-03-news-etsi-multi-access-edge-computing-starts-second-phase-and-renews-leadership-team."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"ETSI. 2018. Multi-access Edge Computing. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/technologies-clusters\/technologies\/multi-access-edge-computing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC\u201916)","author":"Fan C.","unstructured":"C. Fan, Z. Wu, C. Chang, and S. M. Yuan. 2016. Web resource cacheable edge device in Fog Computing. In Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing (ISPDC\u201916). 432--439."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.101911.00087"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Towards fog-driven IoT eHealth: Promises and challenges of IoT in medicine and healthcare","volume":"78","author":"Farahani B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"B. Farahani, F. Firouzi, V. Chang, M. Badaroglu, N. Constant, and K. Mankodiya. 2017. Towards fog-driven IoT eHealth: Promises and challenges of IoT in medicine and healthcare. Future Gen. Comput. Syst. 78, 2 (May 2017), 659--676.","journal-title":"Future Gen. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC\u201917)","author":"Farris I.","unstructured":"I. Farris, T. Taleb, A. Iera, and H. Flinck. 2017. Lightweight service replication for ultra-short latency applications in mobile edge networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC\u201917). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"FogHorn. 2018. FogHorn Lightning. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.foghorn.io\/products\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"Linux Foundation. 2018. EdgeX Foundry. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.edgexfoundry.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS\u201915)","author":"Fratu O.","unstructured":"O. Fratu, C. Pena, R. Craciunescu, and S. Halunga. 2015. Fog computing system for monitoring mild dementia and COPD patients - romanian case study. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS\u201915). 123--128."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1601144"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"Applied Informatics Software Engineering GmbH. 2018. macchina.io. Retrieved from http:\/\/macchina.io."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, edge and Fog computing environments. Softw","volume":"47","author":"Gupta Harshit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harshit Gupta, Amir Vahid Dastjerdi, Soumya K. Ghosh, and Rajkumar Buyya. 2017. iFogSim: A toolkit for modeling and simulation of resource management techniques in the Internet of Things, edge and Fog computing environments. Softw.: Pract. Exper. 47, 9 (June 2017), 1275--1296.","journal-title":"Pract. Exper."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"K. Ha Y. Abe Z. Chen W. Hu B. Amos P. Pillai and M. Satyanarayanan. 2015. Adaptive VM Handoff Across Cloudlets. Technical Report. CMU School of Computer Science. Retrieved from http:\/\/elijah.cs.cmu.edu\/DOCS\/CMU-CS-15-113.pdf CMU-CS-15-113."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132211.3134453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"K. Ha and M. Satyanarayanan. 2015. OpenStack++ for Cloudlet Deployment. Technical Report. CMU School of Computer Science. Retrieved from http:\/\/elijah.cs.cmu.edu\/DOCS\/CMU-CS-15-123.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication and Storage (SpaCCS\u201916)","author":"Han W.","unstructured":"W. Han and Y. Xiao. 2016. Big data security analytic for smart grid with fog nodes. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Security, Privacy and Anonymity in Computation, Communication and Storage (SpaCCS\u201916). 59--69."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2016.7833468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 41st IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC\u201917)","author":"Hoque S.","unstructured":"S. Hoque, M. S. d. Brito, A. Willner, O. Keil, and T. Magedanz. 2017. Towards container orchestration in Fog Computing infrastructures. In Proceedings of the 41st IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC\u201917). 294--299."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"Lauren Horwitz. 2017. Edge Computing Technology Key to Future Enterprise Gartner Says. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/internet-of-things\/edge-computing-technology-gartner.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2532863"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Y. C. Hu M. Patel D. Sabella N. Sprecher and V. Young. 2015. Mobile Edge Computing: A Key Technology Towards 5G. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.etsi.org\/images\/files\/ETSIWhitePapers\/etsi_wp11_mec_a_key_technology_towards_5g.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"IBM. 2018. IBM Watson IoT Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/cloud\/internet-of-things."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Disasters Report","author":"IFRC.","year":"2016","unstructured":"IFRC. 2016. World Disasters Report 2016. Technical Report. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/Global\/Documents\/Secretariat\/201610\/WDR%202016-FINAL_web.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Intel. 2018. Intel Edison Development Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/dam\/support\/us\/en\/documents\/edison\/sb\/edison_pb_331179002.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(16)60021-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"M. Kanellos. 2016. How to Keep the Internet of Things from Breaking the Internet. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/michaelkanellos\/2016\/06\/16\/how-to-keep-the-internet-of-things-from-breaking-the-internet\/#5d210e2e6a7c."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing Research and Innovations (ICCCRI\u201916)","author":"Karim M. B. A.","unstructured":"M. B. A. Karim, B. I. Ismail, W. M. Tat, E. M. Goortani, S. Setapa, J. Y. Luke, and H. Ong. 2016. Extending cloud resources to the edge: Possible scenarios, challenges, and experiments. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing Research and Innovations (ICCCRI\u201916). 78--85."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-017-0090-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS\u201915)","author":"Kim O. T. T.","unstructured":"O. T. T. Kim, N. D. Tri, V. D. Nguyen, N. H. Tran, and C. S. Hong. 2015. A shared parking model in vehicular network using fog and cloud environment. In Proceedings of the 17th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS\u201915). 321--326."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. A. Kraemer A. E. Braten N. Tamkittikhun and D. Palma. 2017. Fog Computing in healthcare\u2014A review and discussion. IEEE Access 5 (May 2017) 9206--9222.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2704100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC\u201914)","author":"Ksentini A.","unstructured":"A. Ksentini, T. Taleb, and M. Chen. 2014. A Markov decision process-based service migration procedure for follow me cloud. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC\u201914). 1350--1354."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Ksentini T. Taleb and F. Messaoudi. 2014. A LISP-based implementation of follow me cloud. IEEE Access 2 (September 2014) 1340--1347.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2014.2360352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Digital Media Industry 8 Academic Forum (DMIAF\u201916)","author":"Lai C.","unstructured":"C. Lai, D. Song, R. Hwang, and Y. Lai. 2016. A QoS-aware streaming service over Fog Computing infrastructures. In Proceedings of the Digital Media Industry 8 Academic Forum (DMIAF\u201916). 94--98."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E\u201917)","author":"Lebre A.","unstructured":"A. Lebre, J. Pastor, A. Simonet, and F. Desprez. 2017. Revising OpenStack to operate Fog\/Edge Computing infrastructures. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E\u201917). 138--148."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600371CM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1601150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC\u201916)","author":"Liu P.","unstructured":"P. Liu, D. Willis, and S. Banerjee. 2016. ParaDrop: Enabling lightweight multi-tenancy at the network\u2019s extreme edge. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC\u201916). 1--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC\u201916)","author":"Liu P.","unstructured":"P. Liu, D. Willis, and S. Banerjee. 2016. ParaDrop: Enabling lightweight multi-tenancy at the network extreme edge. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC\u201916). 1--13."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-016-0528-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","unstructured":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP. 2018. HPE Edgeline EL1000 and EL4000. Retrieved from https:\/\/h20195.www2.hpe.com\/v2\/GetPDF.aspx\/4AA6-6095ENN.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","unstructured":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP. 2018. HPE GL20 IoT Gateway. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hpe.com\/us\/en\/product-catalog\/servers\/edgeline-systems\/pip.hpe-edgeline-el20-intelligent-gateway.1008670391.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Mach and Z. Becvar. 2017. Mobile edge computing: A survey on architecture and computation offloading. IEEE Communications Surveys 8 Tutorials 19 3 (2017) 1628--1656.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2682318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Fog Computing: A taxonomy, survey and future directions. In Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives","author":"Mahmud R.","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Mahmud, R. Kotagiri, and R. Buyya. 2017. Fog Computing: A taxonomy, survey and future directions. In Internet of Everything: Algorithms, Methodologies, Technologies and Perspectives. Springer, Singapore, 103--130."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3186592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Mahmud S. N. Srirama K. Ramamohanarao and R. Buyya. 2018. Quality of experience (QoE)-aware placement of applications in Fog Computing environments. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. (Mar. 2018). Article in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","unstructured":"J. Manyika M. Chui P. Bisson J. Woetzel R. Dobbs J. Bughin and D. Aharon. 2015. The Internet of Things: Mapping the Value Beyond the Hype. Technical Report. McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/business-functions\/digital-mckinsey\/our-insights\/the-internet-of-things-the-value-of-digitizing-the-physical-world."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Mar\u00ecn-Tordera X. Masip-Bruin J. Garc\u00eca-Alminana A. Jukan G-J. Ren and J. Zhu. 2017. Do we all really know what a fog node is ? Current trends towards an open definition. Comput. Commun. 109 (Sep. 2017) 117--130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Software), Application (Building 8 Home Automation, Smart Energy, Smart Manufacturing, Transportation 8 Logistics, Connected Health, Security 8 Emergencies), and Geography\u2014Global Forecast to","year":"2022","unstructured":"MarketsandMarkets. 2016. Fog Computing Market by Offering (Hardware, Software), Application (Building 8 Home Automation, Smart Energy, Smart Manufacturing, Transportation 8 Logistics, Connected Health, Security 8 Emergencies), and Geography\u2014Global Forecast to 2022. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/pdfdownload.asp?id&equals;28314581."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC\u201916)","author":"Masip-Bruin X.","unstructured":"X. Masip-Bruin, E. Mar\u00ecn-Tordera, A. G\u00f2mez, V. Barbosa, and A. Alonso. 2016. Will it be cloud or will it be fog? F2C, a novel flagship computing paradigm for highly demanding services. In Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC\u201916). 1129--1136."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3055601.3055614"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2717845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2018. Microsoft Azure IoT Edge. Retrieved from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/iot-edge\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201916)","author":"Monteiro A.","unstructured":"A. Monteiro, H. Dubey, L. Mahler, Q. Yang, and K. Mankodiya. 2016. FIT: A Fog Computing device for speech tele-treatments. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201916). 1--3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600587CM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2771153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"Fog Computing: Challenges","author":"Mukherjee M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Mukherjee, R. Matam, L. Shu, L. Maglaras, M. A. Ferrag, N. Choudhury, and V. Kumar. 2017. Security and privacy in Fog Computing: Challenges. IEEE Access 5 (Sep. 2017), 19293--19304."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI\u201916)","author":"Nahrstedt K.","unstructured":"K. Nahrstedt, H. Li, P. Nguyen, S. Chang, and L. Vu. 2016. Internet of mobile things: Mobility-driven challenges, designs and implementations. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation (IoTDI\u201916). 25--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Nan W. Li W. Bao F. C. Delicato P. F. Pires Y. Dou and A. Y. Zomaya. 2017. Adaptive energy-aware computation offloading for cloud of things systems. IEEE Access 5 (Oct. 2017) 23947--23957.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2766165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Smart Cities Conference: Improving the Citizens Quality of Life (ISC\u201916)","author":"Nazmudeen M. S. H.","unstructured":"M. S. H. Nazmudeen, A. T. Wan, and S. M. Buhari. 2016. Improved throughput for power line communication (PLC) for smart meters using Fog Computing-based data aggregation approach. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Smart Cities Conference: Improving the Citizens Quality of Life (ISC\u201916). 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","volume-title":"Fog Computing: Keystone of Industrial IoT and Industry 4.0. Technical Report.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nebbiolo. 2017. Fog Computing: Keystone of Industrial IoT and Industry 4.0. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nebbiolo.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nebbiolo-Technologies-solutions-brief.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","unstructured":"Nebbiolo. 2018. Nebbiolo Fog Computing Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nebbiolo.tech\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","unstructured":"Nebbiolo. 2018. Nebbiolo fogNode. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nebbiolo.tech\/wp-content\/uploads\/fogNode-OVERVIEW-rev3.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","unstructured":"Nebbiolo. 2018. Nebbiolo SDK. Retrieved from https:\/\/docs.nebbiolo.io\/latest\/sdk-guide\/services\/installSDK\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2762345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC\u201916)","author":"Okay F. Y.","unstructured":"F. Y. Okay and S. Ozdemir. 2016. A Fog Computing-based smart grid model. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC\u201916). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","unstructured":"OpenEdgeComputing. 2018. OpenEdgeComputing\u2014Home Page. Retrieved from http:\/\/openedgecomputing.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","unstructured":"OpenStack. 2018. Fog Edge Massively Distributed Clouds Group of Interest\u2014Home Page. Retrieved from https:\/\/wiki.openstack.org\/wiki\/Fog_Edge_Massively_Distributed_Clouds."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","unstructured":"OpenStack. 2018. OpenStack Foundation\u2014Home Page. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.openstack.org\/foundation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","unstructured":"OpenVolcano. 2018. OpenVolcano\u2014Home Page. Retrieved from http:\/\/openvolcano.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","unstructured":"A. K. Pathan and R. Buyya. 2007. A Taxonomy and Survey of Content Delivery Networks. Technical Report. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cloudbus.org\/reports\/CDN-Taxonomy.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM\u201917)","author":"Peralta G.","unstructured":"G. Peralta, M. Iglesias-Urkia, M. Barcelo, R. Gomez, A. Moran, and J. Bilbao. 2017. Fog Computing-based efficient IoT scheme for the industry 4.0. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop of Electronics, Control, Measurement, Signals and their Application to Mechatronics (ECMSM\u201917). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.042313.00197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services (GECON\u201917)","author":"Petri I.","unstructured":"I. Petri, O. F. Rana, J. Bignell, S. Nepal, and N. Auluck. 2017. Incentivising resource sharing in edge computing applications. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services (GECON\u201917). 204--215."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","unstructured":"Raspberry Pi. 2018. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org\/products\/raspberry-pi-3-model-b-plus\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC\u201916)","author":"Plachy J.","unstructured":"J. Plachy, Z. Becvar, and E. C. Strinati. 2016. Dynamic resource allocation exploiting mobility prediction in mobile edge computing. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC\u201916). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Poggi and M. Tomaiuolo. 2011. Mobile agents: Concepts and technologies. In Handbook of Research on Mobility and Computing: Evolving Technologies and Ubiquitous Impacts. IGI Global 343--355.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60960-042-6.ch022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201917)","author":"Puliafito C.","unstructured":"C. Puliafito, E. Mingozzi, and G. Anastasi. 2017. Fog Computing for the Internet of mobile things: Issues and challenges. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201917). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201918)","author":"Puliafito C.","unstructured":"C. Puliafito, E. Mingozzi, C. Vallati, F. Longo, and G. Merlino. 2018. Companion Fog Computing: Supporting things mobility through container migration at the edge. In Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201918). 97--105."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201918)","author":"Puliafito C.","unstructured":"C. Puliafito, E. Mingozzi, C. Vallati, F. Longo, and G. Merlino. 2018. Virtualization and migration at the network edge: An overview. In Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201918). 368--374."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","unstructured":"Qualcomm. 2018. DragonBoard 410c Development Board. Retrieved from https:\/\/developer.qualcomm.com\/hardware\/dragonboard-410c."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","unstructured":"Qualcomm. 2018. DragonBoard 820c Development Board. Retrieved from https:\/\/developer.qualcomm.com\/hardware\/dragonboard-820c."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM\u201916)","author":"Ramalho F.","unstructured":"F. Ramalho and A. Neto. 2016. Virtualization at the network edge: A performance comparison. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM\u201916). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC\u201916)","author":"Rauniyar A.","unstructured":"A. Rauniyar, P. Engelstad, B. Feng, and D. V. Thanh. 2016. Crowdsourcing-based disaster management using Fog Computing in Internet of things paradigm. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Collaboration and Internet Computing (CIC\u201916). 490--494."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_1","unstructured":"451 Research. 2017. Size and Impact of Fog Computing Market. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.openfogconsortium.org\/growth\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_1","volume-title":"Data Captured by IoT Connections to Top 1.6 Zettabytes","author":"Research ABI","year":"2020","unstructured":"ABI Research. 2015. Data Captured by IoT Connections to Top 1.6 Zettabytes in 2020, as Analytics Evolve from Cloud to Edge. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.abiresearch.com\/press\/data-captured-by-iot-connections-to-top-16-zettaby\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_150_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Mobile edge computing, Fog et al.: A survey and analysis of security threats and challenges","volume":"78","author":"Roman R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. Roman, J. Lopez, and M. Mambo. 2016. Mobile edge computing, Fog et al.: A survey and analysis of security threats and challenges. Future Gen. Comput. Syst. 78, 2 (Nov. 2016), 680--698.","journal-title":"Future Gen. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_151_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201916)","author":"Sapienza M.","unstructured":"M. Sapienza, E. Guardo, M. Cavallo, G. La Torre, G. Leombruno, and O. Tomarchio. 2016. Solving critical events through mobile edge computing: An approach for smart cities. In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP\u201916). 1--5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17517575.2016.1277558"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.943998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_156_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications and Services (MobiCASE\u201914)","author":"Satyanarayanan M.","unstructured":"M. Satyanarayanan, Z. Chen, K. Ha, W. Hu, W. Richter, and P. Pillai. 2014. Cloudlets: At the leading edge of mobile-cloud convergence. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing, Applications and Services (MobiCASE\u201914). 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2013.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2015.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2933267.2933317"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600435CM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3063386.3063768"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_163_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom\u201916)","author":"Shin S.","unstructured":"S. Shin, S. Seo, S. Eom, J. Jung, and K. H. Lee. 2016. A Pub\/Sub-based Fog Computing architecture for Internet-of-Vehicles. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom\u201916). 90--93."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2760478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Simmhan. 2017. Big data and Fog Computing. Retrieved from arXiv:1712.09552.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63962-8_41-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11761-017-0219-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3485"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_168_1","unstructured":"Moor Insights 8 Strategy. 2017. Cleaning up the Industrial IoT Edge. Technical Report. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.moorinsightsstrategy.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/CLEANING-UP-THE-INDUSTRIAL-IOT-IIOT-EDGE-By-Moor-Insights-and-Strategy.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_169_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR\u201912)","author":"Suciu G.","unstructured":"G. Suciu, E. G. Ularu, and R. Craciunescu. 2012. Public versus private Cloud adoption\u2014A case study based on open source cloud platforms. In Proceedings of the 20th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR\u201912). 494--497."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Suto H. Nishiyama N. Kato and C. W. Huang. 2015. An energy-efficient and delay-aware wireless computing system for industrial wireless sensor networks. IEEE Access 3 (June 2015) 1026--1035.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2443171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600249CM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2013.6616110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_173_1","article-title":"Follow-me cloud: When cloud services follow mobile users","author":"Taleb T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. Taleb, A. Ksentini, and P. Frangoudis. 2018. Follow-me cloud: When cloud services follow mobile users. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. (Feb. 2016). Article in press.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_174_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IFIP\/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM\u201917)","author":"Taneja M.","unstructured":"M. Taneja and A. Davy. 2017. Resource aware placement of IoT application modules in Fog-cloud computing paradigm. In Proceedings of the IFIP\/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM\u201917). 1222--1228."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_175_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM\u201917)","author":"Tanganelli G.","unstructured":"G. Tanganelli, C. Vallati, and E. Mingozzi. 2017. A Fog-based distributed look-up service for intelligent transportation systems. In Proceedings of the 18th IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM\u201917). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1600213NM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_177_1","unstructured":"Dell Technologies. 2018. Dell Edge Device Manager. Retrieved from http:\/\/delliotpartners.com\/#&excl;\/edgedevicemanager\/overview."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_178_1","unstructured":"Dell Technologies. 2018. Dell Edge Gateway 5000. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dell.com\/en-us\/work\/shop\/gateways-embedded-computing\/edge-gateway-5000\/spd\/dell-edge-gateway-5000\/xctoi5000us."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_179_1","unstructured":"Dell Technologies. 2018. Dell Embedded Box PCs. Retrieved from http:\/\/i.dell.com\/sites\/doccontent\/shared-content\/data-sheets\/en\/Documents\/specsheet-dell-embedded-box-PC-3000-5000.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3845-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_181_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM\u201915)","author":"Truong N. B.","unstructured":"N. B. Truong, G. M. Lee, and Y. Ghamri-Doudane. 2015. Software defined networking-based vehicular adhoc network with fog computing. In Proceedings of the IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM\u201915). 1202--1207."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_182_1","unstructured":"TTTech. 2018. MFN 100 Edge Computing Device. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.tttech.com\/fileadmin\/content\/industrial\/files\/secure\/flyer\/TTTech_MFN-100.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_183_1","volume-title":"Population Division.","author":"United Nations","year":"2014","unstructured":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2014. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, Highlights. Technical Report. Retrieved from https:\/\/esa.un.org\/unpd\/wup\/publications\/files\/wup2014-highlights.Pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Urgaonkar S. Wang T. He M. Zafer K. Chan and K. K. Leung. 2015. Dynamic service migration and workload scheduling in edge-clouds. Perform. Eval. 91 (Sept. 2015) 205--228. 10.1016\/j.peva.2015.06.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2015.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2016.2590100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_186_1","unstructured":"B. Varghese N. Wang D. S. Nikolopoulos and R. Buyya. 2017. Feasibility of Fog Computing. Retrieved from arXiv:1701.05451."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_187_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IFIP Networking Conference. 1--9.","author":"Wang S.","unstructured":"S. Wang, R. Urgaonkar, M. Zafer, T. He, K. Chan, and K. K. Leung. 2015. Dynamic service migration in mobile edge-clouds. In Proceedings of the IFIP Networking Conference. 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2015.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.4250936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_191_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Fog Computing-based framework for process monitoring and prognosis in cyber-manufacturing","volume":"43","author":"Wu D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Wu, S. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Terpenny, R. X. Gao, T. Kurfess, and J. A. Guzzo. 2017. A Fog Computing-based framework for process monitoring and prognosis in cyber-manufacturing. J. Manufactur. Syst. 43, 1 (Apr. 2017), 25--34.","journal-title":"J. Manufactur. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_192_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Autonomous two-tier cloud-based demand side management approach with microgrid","volume":"13","author":"Yaghmaee M. H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. H. Yaghmaee, M. Moghaddassian, and A. Leon-Garcia. 2017. Autonomous two-tier cloud-based demand side management approach with microgrid. IEEE Trans. Industr. Info. 13, 3 (June 2017), 1109--1120.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Info."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_193_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T8D\u201916)","author":"Yan Y.","unstructured":"Y. Yan and W. Su. 2016. A Fog Computing solution for advanced metering infrastructure. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T8D\u201916). 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_195_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud\u201916)","author":"Ye D.","unstructured":"D. Ye, M. Wu, S. Tang, and R. Yu. 2016. Scalable Fog Computing with service offloading in bus networks. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Cloud Computing (CSCloud\u201916). 247--251."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_196_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on AI and Mobile Services (AIMS\u201917)","author":"Yigitoglu E.","unstructured":"E. Yigitoglu, M. Mohamed, L. Liu, and H. Ludwig. 2017. Foggy: A framework for continuous automated IoT application deployment in Fog Computing. In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on AI and Mobile Services (AIMS\u201917). 38--45."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Yu F. Liang X. He W. G. Hatcher C. Lu J. Lin and X. Yang. 2017. A survey on the edge computing for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 6 (Nov. 2017) 6900--6919.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2778504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00370"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_199_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom\u201916)","author":"Zhang W.","unstructured":"W. Zhang, Y. Hu, Y. Zhang, and D. Raychaudhuri. 2016. SEGUE: Quality of service aware edge cloud service migration. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom\u201916). 344--351."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600363CM"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOSE.2013.73"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3301443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3301443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T16:19:05Z","timestamp":1760977145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3301443"}},"subtitle":["A Survey"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3301443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3301443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-5399","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-6051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}