{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T09:10:31Z","timestamp":1782637831642,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH091102-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH091102-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Access. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Driving is essential for many people in developed countries to achieve independence. Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), in addition to having social skill deficits, may experience difficulty in learning to drive due to deficits in attention-shifting, performing sequential tasks, integrating visual-motor responses, and coordinating motor response. Lacking confidence and feeling anxiety further exacerbates these concerns. While there is a growing body of research regarding assessment of driving behavior or comparisons of driving behaviors between individuals with and without ASD, there is a lack of driving simulator that is catered toward the needs of individuals with ASD. We present the development of a novel closed-loop adaptive Virtual Reality (VR) driving simulator for individuals with ASD that can infer one's engagement based on his\/her physiological responses and adapts driving task difficulty based on engagement level in real-time. We believe that this simulator will provide opportunities for learning driving skills in a safe and individualized environment to individuals with ASD and help them with independent living. We also conducted a small user study with teenagers with ASD to demonstrate the feasibility and tolerability of such a driving simulator. Preliminary results showed that the participants found the engagement-sensitive system more engaging and more enjoyable than a purely performance-sensitive system. These findings could support future work into driving simulator technologies, which could provide opportunities to practice driving skills in cost-effective, supportive, and safe environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3301498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T13:11:45Z","timestamp":1549890705000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Design of a Physiology-based Adaptive Virtual Reality Driving Platform for Individuals with ASD"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4174-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayi","family":"Bian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Weitlauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Department of Psychiatry, Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilanjan","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"E. Adams. 2008. The designer's notebook: Difficulty modes and dynamic difficulty adjustment. Gamasutra. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gamasutra.com\/.  E. Adams. 2008. The designer's notebook: Difficulty modes and dynamic difficulty adjustment. Gamasutra. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gamasutra.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub.  American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029383.1074069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796011000448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Bekele etal 2016. Multimodal adaptive social interaction in virtual environment (MASI-VR) for children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) Greenville SC. 121--130.  E. Bekele et al. 2016. Multimodal adaptive social interaction in virtual environment (MASI-VR) for children with Autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) Greenville SC. 121--130.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2016.7504695"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0005331301370145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Springer.","author":"Bian D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39191-0_52"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Injury Prevention and Control: Motor Vehicle Safety\u2014Distracted Driving. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/motorvehiclesafety\/distracted_driving\/index.html.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Injury Prevention and Control: Motor Vehicle Safety\u2014Distracted Driving. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/motorvehiclesafety\/distracted_driving\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2011.2116000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-006-9094-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2013.008821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"J. N. Constantino and C. P. Gruber. 2007. Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Western Psychological Services Los Angeles CA.  J. N. Constantino and C. P. Gruber. 2007. Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Western Psychological Services Los Angeles CA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1470-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2677-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2166-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAACS.2013.050694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"The Costs of Autism","author":"Ganz M. L."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"D. Giakoumis A. Vogiannou I. Kosunen K. Moustakas D. Tzovaras and G. Hassapis. 2010. Identifying Psychophysiological Correlates of Boredom and Negative Mood Induced during HCI. B-Interface.  D. Giakoumis A. Vogiannou I. Kosunen K. Moustakas D. Tzovaras and G. Hassapis. 2010. Identifying Psychophysiological Correlates of Boredom and Negative Mood Induced during HCI. B-Interface."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1656274.1656278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"L. M. Howden and J. A. Meyer. 2010. Age and sex composition: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration. U.S. Census Bureau.  L. M. Howden and J. A. Meyer. 2010. Age and sex composition: 2010. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration. U.S. Census Bureau."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e31823a43b7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1178477.1178573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1236224.1236238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications (CSPA\u201911)","author":"Jerritta S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2218618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.2001362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1496984.1496998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"2015 motor vehicle crashes: Overview (DOT HS 812 456). Traffic Safety Facts Research Note","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2016.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"2016 motor vehicle crashes: Overview (DOT HS 812 498). Traffic Safety Facts Research Note","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2018.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999396380123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Wearable and automotive systems for affect recognition from physiology","author":"Healey J. A."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction.","author":"Rani P."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Reimer R. Fried B. Mehler G. Joshi A. Bolfek K. Godfrey N. Zhao R. Goldin and J. Biederman. 2013. Brief report: Examining driving behavior in young adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study using a driving simulation paradigm. J. Autism Dev. Disorders. 1--7.  B. Reimer R. Fried B. Mehler G. Joshi A. Bolfek K. Godfrey N. Zhao R. Goldin and J. Biederman. 2013. Brief report: Examining driving behavior in young adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorders: A pilot study using a driving simulation paradigm. J. Autism Dev. Disorders. 1--7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1764-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"M. Rutter A. Bailey and C. Lord. 2003. The Social Communication Questionnaire: Manual. Western Psychological Services.  M. Rutter A. Bailey and C. Lord. 2003. The Social Communication Questionnaire: Manual. Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2002.1014287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580902894989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.3820275"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Virtual reality for the treatment of autism","volume":"44","author":"Strickland D.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Studies Health Technol. Info."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Springer.","author":"Stripling R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Learning, Health and Well-Being. Springer, 689--697","author":"Wade J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Springer International Publishing.","author":"Wade J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0320-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1918-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3544-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Zheng etal 2015. Design of a computer-assisted system for teaching attentional skills to toddlers with ASD. In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Learning Health and Well-Being (UAHCI\u201915) M. Antona and C. Stephanidis (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 9177. Springer Cham.  Z. Zheng et al. 2015. Design of a computer-assisted system for teaching attentional skills to toddlers with ASD. In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to Learning Health and Well-Being (UAHCI\u201915) M. Antona and C. Stephanidis (Eds.). Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 9177. Springer Cham.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20684-4_69"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2687924"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3301498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3301498","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:53:25Z","timestamp":1750204405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3301498"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3301498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3301498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7228","1936-7236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7228","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}