{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:43:44Z","timestamp":1774640624394,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":50,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Microsoft Corp"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF-CPS-1446801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF-CPS-1446801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3302505.3310084","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T12:18:36Z","timestamp":1553516316000},"page":"225-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["An execution model for serverless functions at the edge"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology"}]},{"given":"Umakishore","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC).","author":"Akkus Istemi Ekin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Istemi Ekin Akkus , Ruichuan Chen , Ivica Rimac , Manuel Stein , Klaus Satzke , Andre Beck , Paarijaat Aditya , and Volker Hilt . 2018 . SAND: towards high-performance serverless computing . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC). Istemi Ekin Akkus, Ruichuan Chen, Ivica Rimac, Manuel Stein, Klaus Satzke, Andre Beck, Paarijaat Aditya, and Volker Hilt. 2018. SAND: towards high-performance serverless computing. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2019. AWS Lambda. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/lambda.  Amazon. 2019. AWS Lambda. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/lambda."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Amazon AWS. 2019. AWS IoT Greengrass. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/greengrass.  Amazon AWS. 2019. AWS IoT Greengrass. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/greengrass."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure. 2019. Azure Functions. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/functions\/.  Microsoft Azure. 2019. Azure Functions. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/functions\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure. 2019. Azure IoT Edge. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/iot-edge\/.  Microsoft Azure. 2019. Azure IoT Edge. https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/iot-edge\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Lin Clark. 2017. Memory in WebAssembly (and why it's safer than you think). https:\/\/hacks.mozilla.org\/2017\/07\/memory-in-webassembly-and-why-its-safer-than-you-think\/.  Lin Clark. 2017. Memory in WebAssembly (and why it's safer than you think). https:\/\/hacks.mozilla.org\/2017\/07\/memory-in-webassembly-and-why-its-safer-than-you-think\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Emscripten Contributors. 2018. emscripten. http:\/\/www.emscripten.org.  Emscripten Contributors. 2018. emscripten. http:\/\/www.emscripten.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Emscripten Contributors. 2018. File System API-Emscripten 1.38.25 documentation). https:\/\/emscripten.org\/docs\/api_reference\/Filesystem-API.html.  Emscripten Contributors. 2018. File System API-Emscripten 1.38.25 documentation). https:\/\/emscripten.org\/docs\/api_reference\/Filesystem-API.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Emscripten Contributors. 2018. Porting SIMD code - Emscripten 1.38.25 documentation. https:\/\/emscripten.org\/docs\/porting\/simd.html.  Emscripten Contributors. 2018. Porting SIMD code - Emscripten 1.38.25 documentation. https:\/\/emscripten.org\/docs\/porting\/simd.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"MDN Contributors. 2018. WebAssembly.Memory(). https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/docs\/Web\/JavaScript\/Reference\/Global_Objects\/WebAssembly\/Memory.  MDN Contributors. 2018. WebAssembly.Memory(). https:\/\/developer.mozilla.org\/en-US\/docs\/Web\/JavaScript\/Reference\/Global_Objects\/WebAssembly\/Memory."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"OpenLambda Contributors. 2019. OpenLambda. https:\/\/open-lambda.org.  OpenLambda Contributors. 2019. OpenLambda. https:\/\/open-lambda.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Yan Cui. 2018. I'm afraid you're thinking about AWS Lambda cold starts all wrong. https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/im-afraid-you-re-thinking-about-aws-lambda-cold-starts-all-wrong-7d907f278a4f.  Yan Cui. 2018. I'm afraid you're thinking about AWS Lambda cold starts all wrong. https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/im-afraid-you-re-thinking-about-aws-lambda-cold-starts-all-wrong-7d907f278a4f."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"V8 Developers. 2018. Getting started with embedding V8). https:\/\/emscripten.org\/docs\/api_reference\/Filesystem-API.html.  V8 Developers. 2018. Getting started with embedding V8). https:\/\/emscripten.org\/docs\/api_reference\/Filesystem-API.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Amazon AWS Documentation. 2018. AWS Lambda Execution Context. https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/lambda\/latest\/dg\/running-lambda-code.html.  Amazon AWS Documentation. 2018. AWS Lambda Execution Context. https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/lambda\/latest\/dg\/running-lambda-code.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Amazon AWS Documentation. 2019. Serverless Application Developer Tools. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/serverless\/developer-tools\/.  Amazon AWS Documentation. 2019. Serverless Application Developer Tools. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/serverless\/developer-tools\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"expressjs.com contributors. 2018. Express - Node.js web application framework. https:\/\/expressjs.com.  expressjs.com contributors. 2018. Express - Node.js web application framework. https:\/\/expressjs.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Apache Foundation. 2019. Apache OpenWhisk. https:\/\/openwhisk.apache.org.  Apache Foundation. 2019. Apache OpenWhisk. https:\/\/openwhisk.apache.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"The Apache Software Foundation. 2018. Apache JMeter. https:\/\/jmeter.apache.org.  The Apache Software Foundation. 2018. Apache JMeter. https:\/\/jmeter.apache.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"The Linux Foundation. 2019. EdgeX Foundry. https:\/\/www.edgexfoundry.org.  The Linux Foundation. 2019. EdgeX Foundry. https:\/\/www.edgexfoundry.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Sam Goldstein. 2018. How Cold Starts Impact Serverless Performance. https:\/\/thenewstack.io\/how-cold-starts-impact-serverless-performance\/.  Sam Goldstein. 2018. How Cold Starts Impact Serverless Performance. https:\/\/thenewstack.io\/how-cold-starts-impact-serverless-performance\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Google. 2018. Liftoff: a new baseline compiler for WebAssembly in V8. https:\/\/v8project.blogspot.com\/2018\/08\/liftoff.html.  Google. 2018. Liftoff: a new baseline compiler for WebAssembly in V8. https:\/\/v8project.blogspot.com\/2018\/08\/liftoff.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Google. 2019. Google Cloud Functions. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/functions\/.  Google. 2019. Google Cloud Functions. https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/functions\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Inc. Google. 2018. V8 JavaScript Engine. https:\/\/chromium.googlesource.com\/v8\/v8.git.  Inc. Google. 2018. V8 JavaScript Engine. https:\/\/chromium.googlesource.com\/v8\/v8.git."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Independent JPEG Group. 2018. Independent JPEG Group. https:\/\/www.ijg.org.  Independent JPEG Group. 2018. Independent JPEG Group. https:\/\/www.ijg.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"WebAssembly Working Group. 2018. WebAssembly High-Level Goals - We-bAssembly. https:\/\/webassembly.org\/docs\/high-level-goals\/.  WebAssembly Working Group. 2018. WebAssembly High-Level Goals - We-bAssembly. https:\/\/webassembly.org\/docs\/high-level-goals\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3062341.3062363"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Slacker: Fast Distribution with Lazy Docker Containers","volume":"16","author":"Harter Tyler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tyler Harter , Brandon Salmon , Rose Liu , Andrea C Arpaci-Dusseau , and Remzi H Arpaci-Dusseau . 2016 . Slacker: Fast Distribution with Lazy Docker Containers .. In FAST , Vol. 16. 181 -- 195 . Tyler Harter, Brandon Salmon, Rose Liu, Andrea C Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H Arpaci-Dusseau. 2016. Slacker: Fast Distribution with Lazy Docker Containers.. In FAST, Vol. 16. 181--195.","journal-title":"FAST"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2967360.2967369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Rian Hunter. 2018. Kernel Mode WebAssembly Runtime for Linux. https:\/\/github.com\/rianhunter\/wasmjit.  Rian Hunter. 2018. Kernel Mode WebAssembly Runtime for Linux. https:\/\/github.com\/rianhunter\/wasmjit."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"IBM. 2019. IBM Cloud Functions. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/cloud\/functions.  IBM. 2019. IBM Cloud Functions. https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/cloud\/functions."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"IBM. 2019. Platform architecture. https:\/\/console.bluemix.net\/docs\/openwhisk\/openwhisk_about.html.  IBM. 2019. Platform architecture. https:\/\/console.bluemix.net\/docs\/openwhisk\/openwhisk_about.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Linux Programmer's Manual. 2018. cgroups - Linux control groups. http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man7\/cgroups.7.html.  Linux Programmer's Manual. 2018. cgroups - Linux control groups. http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man7\/cgroups.7.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Linux Programmer's Manual. 2018. namespaces - overview of Linux namespaces. http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man7\/namespaces.7.html.  Linux Programmer's Manual. 2018. namespaces - overview of Linux namespaces. http:\/\/man7.org\/linux\/man-pages\/man7\/namespaces.7.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2017.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Goncalo Neves. 2018. Keeping Functions Warm - How To Fix AWS Lambda Cold Start Issues. https:\/\/serverless.com\/blog\/keep-your-lambdas-warm\/.  Goncalo Neves. 2018. Keeping Functions Warm - How To Fix AWS Lambda Cold Start Issues. https:\/\/serverless.com\/blog\/keep-your-lambdas-warm\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC'18)","author":"Oakes Edward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Edward Oakes , Leon Yang , Dennis Zhou , Kevin Houck , Tyler Harter , Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau , and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau . 2018 . SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC'18) . Edward Oakes, Leon Yang, Dennis Zhou, Kevin Houck, Tyler Harter, Andrea Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi Arpaci-Dusseau. 2018. SOCK: Rapid Task Provisioning with Serverless-Optimized Containers. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC'18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Boost C++ Library Project. 2018. Boost.GIL - Generic Image Library. https:\/\/github.com\/boostorg\/gil.  Boost C++ Library Project. 2018. Boost.GIL - Generic Image Library. https:\/\/github.com\/boostorg\/gil."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"OpenWhisk Project. 2018. Annotations on OpenWhisk assets. https:\/\/github.com\/apache\/incubator-openwhisk\/blob\/master\/docs\/annotations.md.  OpenWhisk Project. 2018. Annotations on OpenWhisk assets. https:\/\/github.com\/apache\/incubator-openwhisk\/blob\/master\/docs\/annotations.md."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"WebAssembly Project. 2018. Design Rationale - WebAssembly. https:\/\/www.webassembly.org\/docs\/rationale\/.  WebAssembly Project. 2018. Design Rationale - WebAssembly. https:\/\/www.webassembly.org\/docs\/rationale\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"WebAssembly Project. 2018. Minimum Viable Product - WebAssembly. https:\/\/www.webassembly.org\/docs\/mvp\/.  WebAssembly Project. 2018. Minimum Viable Product - WebAssembly. https:\/\/www.webassembly.org\/docs\/mvp\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"WebAssembly Project. 2018. Security - WebAssembly. https:\/\/www.webassembly.org\/docs\/security\/.  WebAssembly Project. 2018. Security - WebAssembly. https:\/\/www.webassembly.org\/docs\/security\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Larry Seltzer. 2018. Serverless computing explained | HPE. https:\/\/www.hpe.com\/us\/en\/insights\/articles\/serverless-computing-explained-1807.html.  Larry Seltzer. 2018. Serverless computing explained | HPE. https:\/\/www.hpe.com\/us\/en\/insights\/articles\/serverless-computing-explained-1807.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Patrik Simek. 2018. vm2. https:\/\/github.com\/patriksimek\/vm2.  Patrik Simek. 2018. vm2. https:\/\/github.com\/patriksimek\/vm2."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"LLVM Admin Team. 2018. The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure. https:\/\/llvm.org.  LLVM Admin Team. 2018. The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure. https:\/\/llvm.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"tiny-dnn Project. 2018. tiny-dnn: header only dependency-free deep learning frakework in C++14. https:\/\/github.com\/tiny-dnn\/tiny-dnn.  tiny-dnn Project. 2018. tiny-dnn: header only dependency-free deep learning frakework in C++14. https:\/\/github.com\/tiny-dnn\/tiny-dnn."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Colby Tresness. 2018. Understanding Serverless Cold Start | Azure App Service and Functions team Blog. https:\/\/blogs.msdn.microsoft.com\/appserviceteam\/2018\/02\/07\/understanding-serverless-cold-start\/.  Colby Tresness. 2018. Understanding Serverless Cold Start | Azure App Service and Functions team Blog. https:\/\/blogs.msdn.microsoft.com\/appserviceteam\/2018\/02\/07\/understanding-serverless-cold-start\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Kenton Varda. 2018. WebAssembly on CloudFlare Workers. https:\/\/blog.cloudflare.com\/webassembly-on-cloudflare-workers\/.  Kenton Varda. 2018. WebAssembly on CloudFlare Workers. https:\/\/blog.cloudflare.com\/webassembly-on-cloudflare-workers\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Tim Wagner. 2014. Understanding Container Reuse in AWS Lambda. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/compute\/container-reuse-in-lambda\/.  Tim Wagner. 2014. Understanding Container Reuse in AWS Lambda. https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/compute\/container-reuse-in-lambda\/."}],"event":{"name":"IoTDI '19: International Conference on Internet-of-Things Design and Implementation","location":"Montreal Quebec Canada","acronym":"IoTDI '19","sponsor":["SIGBED ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems","IEEE CS"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet of Things Design and Implementation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3302505.3310084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3302505.3310084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3302505.3310084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:25:37Z","timestamp":1750206337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3302505.3310084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3302505.3310084","10.1145\/3302505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3302505.3310084","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-04-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}