{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:29:53Z","timestamp":1771331393137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1502462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1502462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computer science education efforts are expanding across the globe to equip students with the necessary computing skills for today\u2019s digital world. However, preparing students to become literate in computing activities requires the training of tens of thousands of teachers in computer science. The discrepancy between student needs and teacher preparation in computer science has raised questions of quality teachers, particularly for teachers who do not possess adequate content or pedagogical knowledge to teach computer science efficiently. To address this issue, we designed an instrument to measure knowledge needed to teach computer science (i.e., computer science pedagogical content knowledge). Results exhibited that our instrument measured aspects of teachers\u2019 computer science pedagogical content knowledge; however, teachers\u2019 prior background in teaching did not influence their performance. We discuss implications for future research and practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3303770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T18:01:38Z","timestamp":1558634498000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Computer Science Pedagogical Content Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4247-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, MI, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Berges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002248719004100201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1929887.1929905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Multivariate Social Science Data","author":"Bartholomew David J.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/820127.820166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0161956X.2015.1068082"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0729436990180105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B908245J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"E-Book Proceedings of the ESERA 2011 Conference: Science Learning and Citizenship, C. Brugui\u00e8re, A. Tiberghien, and P. Cl\u00e9ment (Eds.)","author":"Borowski Andreas","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12691\/education-2-7-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022027820140106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.","author":"Carlsen William S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Anthony P. Carnevale Nicole Smith and Michelle Melton. 2014. STEM. Georgetown University - Center on Education and the Workforce. Retrieved from https:\/\/georgetown.app.box.com\/s\/cyrrqbjyirjy64uw91f6.  Anthony P. Carnevale Nicole Smith and Michelle Melton. 2014. STEM. Georgetown University - Center on Education and the Workforce. Retrieved from https:\/\/georgetown.app.box.com\/s\/cyrrqbjyirjy64uw91f6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"J. Century M. Lach H. King S. Rand C. Heppner B. Franke and J. Westrick. 2013. Building an operating system for computer science. University of Chicago's Center for Elementary Mathematics and Science Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/outlier.uchicago.edu\/computerscience\/OS4CS\/.  J. Century M. Lach H. King S. Rand C. Heppner B. Franke and J. Westrick. 2013. Building an operating system for computer science. University of Chicago's Center for Elementary Mathematics and Science Education. Retrieved from http:\/\/outlier.uchicago.edu\/computerscience\/OS4CS\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Misconceptions and attitudes that interfere with learning to program","author":"Clancy M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.","author":"Cochran Kathryn F."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Computational thinking: Leadership toolkit","author":"CSTA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Bugs in the system: Computer science teacher certification in the U","author":"CSTA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"CSTA. 2015. National secondary school computer science survey. Google. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.csta.acm.org\/Research\/sub\/Projects\/ResearchFiles\/CSTA_NATIONAL_SECONDARY_SCHOOL_CS_SURVEY_2015.pdf.  CSTA. 2015. National secondary school computer science survey. Google. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.csta.acm.org\/Research\/sub\/Projects\/ResearchFiles\/CSTA_NATIONAL_SECONDARY_SCHOOL_CS_SURVEY_2015.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2189835.2189848"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1721933.1721953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Google. 2015. Searching for computer science: Access and barriers in U.S. K--12 education. Retrieved from https:\/\/services.google.com\/fh\/files\/misc\/searching-for-computer-science_report.pdf.  Google. 2015. Searching for computer science: Access and barriers in U.S. K--12 education. Retrieved from https:\/\/services.google.com\/fh\/files\/misc\/searching-for-computer-science_report.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Teachers of substance: Subject matter knowledge for teaching. Prof., Rev","volume":"9","author":"Grossman Pamela L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr\u00edc. Form. Prof."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.","author":"Gudmundsdottir Sigrun","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Guide to Teaching Computer Science: An Activity-based Approach","author":"Hazzan Orit"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Validating the ecological assumption: The relationship of measure scores to classroom teaching and student learning. Meas","volume":"5","author":"Hill Heather C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Interdisc. Res. Persp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.5951\/jresematheduc.39.4.0372","article-title":"Unpacking pedagogical content knowledge: Conceptualizing and measuring teachers\u2019 topic-specific knowledge of students","volume":"39","author":"Hill Heather C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Res. Math. Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428763"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493394.2493395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Using vignettes to build and assess teacher understanding of instructional strategies","volume":"27","author":"Jeffries Carolyn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Profess. Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12564-010-9082-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022487112460398"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.100.3.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10857-013-9244-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2015.7095973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Philipp Mayring. 2014. Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Foundation Basic Procedures and Software Solution. Klagenfurt. http:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173.  Philipp Mayring. 2014. Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Foundation Basic Procedures and Software Solution. Klagenfurt. http:\/\/nbn-resolving.de\/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"804","article-title":"Measuring pedagogical content knowledge using multiple points of data","volume":"20","author":"Morrison Ann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual. Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Debugging. In Proceedings of the 39th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education. ACM Press","author":"Murphy Laurie","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Cognitive Science. USTC Press","author":"Nathan Mitchell","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02602930701293231"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2670757.2670758"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01466216000241003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11165-009-9163-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests","author":"Rasch G."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Learning to teach in a field-based methods course: The development of pedagogical content knowledge. Teaching .Teach","volume":"8","author":"Rovegno Inez C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ed."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Surveys: An Exploratory Study","author":"Rowan Brian"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15388\/infedu.2012.05"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10763-012-9384-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818314.2818315"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X015002004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform","author":"Shulman Lee S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"A union of insufficiencies: Strategies for teacher assessment in a period of educational reform","volume":"46","author":"Shulman Lee S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"D. Strickland. 2014. L. A. Unified Announces Larger Focus on Computer Science for K-12. http:\/\/home.lausd.net\/apps\/news\/article\/407400  D. Strickland. 2014. L. A. Unified Announces Larger Focus on Computer Science for K-12. http:\/\/home.lausd.net\/apps\/news\/article\/407400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","unstructured":"K. Taylor and C. C. Miller. 2015 September 15. De Blasio to announce 10-year deadline to offer computer science to all students. The New York Times (2015 September 15). http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/09\/16\/nyregion\/de-blasio-to-announce-10-year-deadline-to-offer-computer-science-to-all-students.html.  K. Taylor and C. C. Miller. 2015 September 15. De Blasio to announce 10-year deadline to offer computer science to all students. The New York Times (2015 September 15). http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/09\/16\/nyregion\/de-blasio-to-announce-10-year-deadline-to-offer-computer-science-to-all-students.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2736(199808)35:6<673::AID-TEA5>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022487107314002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2978249.2978264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2016.1257418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-016-0087-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education","author":"Yadav Aman"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3303770","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3303770","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3303770","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:53:39Z","timestamp":1750204419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3303770"}},"subtitle":["Characterizing Teacher Performance"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3303770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3303770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}