{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T12:16:28Z","timestamp":1752668188451,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1405826, CNS-1253063, CNS-1143655, and CNS-0916577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1405826, CNS-1253063, CNS-1143655, and CNS-0916577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Many energy optimizations require fine-grained, load-level energy data collected in real time, most typically by a plug-level energy meter.\n            <jats:italic>Online load tracking<\/jats:italic>\n            is the problem of monitoring an individual electrical load\u2019s energy usage in software by analyzing the building\u2019s aggregate smart meter data. Load tracking differs from the well-studied problem of load disaggregation in that it emphasizes per-load accuracy and efficient, online operation rather than accurate disaggregation of every building load via offline analysis. In essence, tracking a particular load creates a\n            <jats:italic>virtual power meter<\/jats:italic>\n            for it, which mimics having a networked-connected power meter attached to the load, but notably does\n            <jats:italic>not<\/jats:italic>\n            require tracking every other load as well. We propose\n            <jats:italic>PowerPlay<\/jats:italic>\n            , a model-driven system for performing accurate, high-performance online load tracking. Our results from applying the system to real-world energy data demonstrate that PowerPlay (i) enables efficient online tracking on low-power embedded platforms, (ii) scales to thousands of loads (across many buildings) on server platforms, and (iii) improves per-load accuracy by more than a factor of two compared to a state-of-the-art load disaggregation algorithm. Our results point to the potential of replacing physical energy meters by \u201cvirtual\u201d power meters using a system like PowerPlay.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3303860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T15:05:33Z","timestamp":1551193533000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Building Virtual Power Meters for Online Load Tracking"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Barker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is disaggregation the Holy Grail of energy efficiency? 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U.S. Energy Information Administration Frequently Asked Questions How Many Smart Meters are Installed in the U.S. and who has them? Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.cfm?id&equals;1088t&equals;3.  EIA 2017. U.S. Energy Information Administration Frequently Asked Questions How Many Smart Meters are Installed in the U.S. and who has them? Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.cfm?id&equals;1088t&equals;3.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","DOI":"10.1109\/5.192069"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2070942.2070966"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2934328.2934330"},{"volume-title":"Disaggregating smart meter readings using device signatures. Masters Thesis","author":"Kelly D.","unstructured":"D. Kelly . 2011. Disaggregating smart meter readings using device signatures. Masters Thesis , Imperial College London . D. Kelly. 2011. 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