{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T07:06:24Z","timestamp":1781334384725,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy"},{"name":"Austrian National Foundation for Research, Technology and Development"},{"name":"IREB"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["311494\/2017-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311494\/2017-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002301","name":"Estonian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IUT20-55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IUT20-55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004263","name":"Fapergs","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17\/2551-0001205-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\/2551-0001205-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004263","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Requirements Engineering (RE) has established itself as a software engineering discipline over the past decades. While researchers have been investigating the RE discipline with a plethora of empirical studies, attempts to systematically derive an empirical theory in context of the RE discipline have just recently been started. However, such a theory is needed if we are to define and motivate guidance in performing high quality RE research and practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We aim at providing an empirical and externally valid foundation for a theory of RE practice, which helps software engineers establish effective and efficient RE processes in a problem-driven manner.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We designed a survey instrument and an engineer-focused theory that was first piloted in Germany and, after making substantial modifications, has now been replicated in 10 countries worldwide. We have a theory in the form of a set of propositions inferred from our experiences and available studies, as well as the results from our pilot study in Germany. We evaluate the propositions with bootstrapped confidence intervals and derive potential explanations for the propositions.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this article, we report on the design of the family of surveys, its underlying theory, and the full results obtained from the replication studies conducted in 10 countries with participants from 228 organisations. Our results represent a substantial step forward towards developing an empirical theory of RE practice. The results reveal, for example, that there are no strong differences between organisations in different countries and regions, that interviews, facilitated meetings and prototyping are the most used elicitation techniques, that requirements are often documented textually, that traces between requirements and code or design documents are common, that requirements specifications themselves are rarely changed and that requirements engineering (process) improvement endeavours are mostly internally driven.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Our study establishes a theory that can be used as starting point for many further studies for more detailed investigations. Practitioners can use the results as theory-supported guidance on selecting suitable RE methods and techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3306607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T15:05:33Z","timestamp":1551193533000},"page":"1-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Status Quo in Requirements Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M\u00e9ndez","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Felderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck and Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vetr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nexa Center for Internet 8 Society, DAUIN, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Kalinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Wieringa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Pfahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayana","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Therese","family":"Christiansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University, Belfas, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper","family":"Lassenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University and SimulaMet, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"M\u00e4nnist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maleknaz","family":"Nayebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Oivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Penzenstadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University, Long Beach, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Prikladnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenther","family":"Ruhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Schekelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hochschule Niederrhein, Krefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simula, Fornebu, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Sp\u00ednola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salvador University - 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