{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:50:24Z","timestamp":1782139824436,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":38,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]],"date-time":"2019-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1849101, DGE-1650044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1849101, DGE-1650044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Linda J. and Mark C. Smith Endowed Chair"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314284","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T12:10:59Z","timestamp":1562760659000},"page":"377-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Emotion-Detecting AI Systems with Respect to Algorithm Performance and Dataset Diversity"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"De'Aira","family":"Bryant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayanna","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Affectiva Affectiva Inc. https:\/\/www.affectiva.com\/.  Affectiva Affectiva Inc. https:\/\/www.affectiva.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Amazon Rekognition Amazon https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/rekognition\/.  Amazon Rekognition Amazon https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/rekognition\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3056540.3056546"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","first-page":"471","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Symp. on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN)","author":"Brown L.","unstructured":"Brown , L. and Howard A . 2014. Gestural Behavioral Implementation on a Humanoid Robotic Platform for Effective Social Interaction . IEEE Int. Symp. on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) , pp. 471 -- 476 . Brown, L. and Howard A. 2014. Gestural Behavioral Implementation on a Humanoid Robotic Platform for Effective Social Interaction. IEEE Int. Symp. on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), pp. 471 -- 476."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency","author":"Buolamwini J.","unstructured":"Buolamwini , J. and Gebru , T . 2018. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification . In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency , pp. 77 -- 91 . Buolamwini, J. and Gebru, T. 2018. Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, pp. 77--91."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Crawford K. 2016. Artificial Intelligence's White Guy Problem New York Times - Opinion http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/06\/26\/opinion\/sunday\/artificial-intelligences-white-guy-problem.html  Crawford K. 2016. Artificial Intelligence's White Guy Problem New York Times - Opinion http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/06\/26\/opinion\/sunday\/artificial-intelligences-white-guy-problem.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Gomez J and Duchaine B","author":"Dalrymple KA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dalrymple KA , Gomez J and Duchaine B . 2013 . The Dartmouth Database of Children's Faces: Acquisition and Validation of a New Face Stimulus Set. Urgesi C, ed.PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11). Dalrymple KA, Gomez J and Duchaine B. 2013. The Dartmouth Database of Children's Faces: Acquisition and Validation of a New Face Stimulus Set. Urgesi C, ed.PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Dager: Deep age, gender and emotion recognition using convolutional neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.04280.","author":"Dehghan A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dehghan , A. , Ortiz , E. G. , Shu , G. , & Masood , S. Z. 2017 . Dager: Deep age, gender and emotion recognition using convolutional neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.04280. Dehghan, A., Ortiz, E. G., Shu, G., & Masood, S. Z. 2017. Dager: Deep age, gender and emotion recognition using convolutional neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.04280."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2017.8250727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications: Proceedings IEEE.","author":"Dupr\u00e9 D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dupr\u00e9 , D. , Andelic , N. , Morrison , G. , & McKeown , G. 2017 . Accuracy of three commercial automatic emotion recognition systems across different individuals and their facial expressions . In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications: Proceedings IEEE. Dupr\u00e9, D., Andelic, N., Morrison, G., & McKeown, G. 2017. Accuracy of three commercial automatic emotion recognition systems across different individuals and their facial expressions. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications: Proceedings IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman P. 1992. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & emotion 6(3--4) 169--200.  Ekman P. 1992. An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & emotion 6(3--4) 169--200.","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939208411068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Face++ Megvii Technology https:\/\/www.faceplusplus.com\/.  Face++ Megvii Technology https:\/\/www.faceplusplus.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Unpublished manuscript","author":"Friesen W.V","year":"1983","unstructured":"Friesen , W.V , Ekman , P , EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System , Unpublished manuscript , University of California at San Francisco , 1983 . Friesen, W.V, Ekman, P, EMFACS-7: Emotional Facial Action Coding System, Unpublished manuscript, University of California at San Francisco, 1983."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Google Vision API Google Cloud Platform https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/vision\/.  Google Vision API Google Cloud Platform https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/vision\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Gordon S. L. 1991. 12 The socialization of children's emotions: emotional culture competence and exposure. Children's understanding of emotion 319.  Gordon S. L. 1991. 12 The socialization of children's emotions: emotional culture competence and exposure. Children's understanding of emotion 319."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01652.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Addressing Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms: A Pilot Study on Emotion Recognition for Intelligent Systems. IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts","author":"Howard A","unstructured":"Howard , A , Zhang , C. , and Horvitz , E . 2017 . Addressing Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms: A Pilot Study on Emotion Recognition for Intelligent Systems. IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts , Austin, TX, March. Howard, A, Zhang, C., and Horvitz, E. 2017. Addressing Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms: A Pilot Study on Emotion Recognition for Intelligent Systems. IEEE International Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts, Austin, TX, March."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Lapowsky. 2018. Schools Can Now Get Facial Recognition Tech For Free. Should They? https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/realnetworks-facial-recognition-technology-schools  Lapowsky. 2018. Schools Can Now Get Facial Recognition Tech For Free. Should They? https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/realnetworks-facial-recognition-technology-schools"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Kairos Kairos AR https:\/\/www.kairos.com\/.  Kairos Kairos AR https:\/\/www.kairos.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27863-6_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langner O. Dotsch R. Bijlstra G. Wigboldus D.H.J. Hawk S.T. & van Knippenberg A. 2010. Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition & Emotion 24(8).  Langner O. Dotsch R. Bijlstra G. Wigboldus D.H.J. Hawk S.T. & van Knippenberg A. 2010. Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition & Emotion 24(8).","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903485076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","first-page":"30","volume-title":"IEEE Int. Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","author":"Littleworth G.","unstructured":"Littleworth , G. , Bartlett , M.S. , Salamanca , L.P. and Reilly , J . 2011. Automated Measurement of Children's Facial Expressions during Problem Solving Tasks . IEEE Int. Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition , pp. 30 -- 35 . Littleworth, G., Bartlett, M.S., Salamanca, L.P. and Reilly, J. 2011. Automated Measurement of Children's Facial Expressions during Problem Solving Tasks. IEEE Int. Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 30--35."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LoBue V. & Thrasher C. 2015. The Child Affective Facial Expression (CAFE) set: validity and reliability from untrained adults. Frontiers in psychology 5 1532.  LoBue V. & Thrasher C. 2015. The Child Affective Facial Expression (CAFE) set: validity and reliability from untrained adults. Frontiers in psychology 5 1532.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1774674.1774683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Microsoft Emotion API Microsoft Azure https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/cognitive-services\/emotion\/.  Microsoft Emotion API Microsoft Azure https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/cognitive-services\/emotion\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00102-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Software testing. Pearson Education India","author":"Patton R.","unstructured":"Patton , R. 2006. Software testing. Pearson Education India . pp. 55 . Patton, R. 2006. Software testing. Pearson Education India. pp.55."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0101430"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"The development of emotional competence","author":"Saarni C.","unstructured":"Saarni , C. 1999. The development of emotional competence . Guilford Press . Saarni, C. 1999. The development of emotional competence. Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Sighthound Sighthound Inc. https:\/\/www.sighthound.com\/.  Sighthound Sighthound Inc. https:\/\/www.sighthound.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/960150.960159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Skybiometry Skybiometry UAB https:\/\/skybiometry.com\/.  Skybiometry Skybiometry UAB https:\/\/skybiometry.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f6ckli S. Schulte-Mecklenbeck M. Borer S. & Samson A. C. 2017. Facial expression analysis with AFFDEX and FACET: A validation study. Behavior research methods 1--15.  St\u00f6ckli S. Schulte-Mecklenbeck M. Borer S. & Samson A. C. 2017. Facial expression analysis with AFFDEX and FACET: A validation study. Behavior research methods 1--15.","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0996-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas L. A. De Bellis M. D. Graham R. & LaBar K. S. 2007. Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence. Developmental science 10(5) 547--558.  Thomas L. A. De Bellis M. D. Graham R. & LaBar K. S. 2007. Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence. Developmental science 10(5) 547--558.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2007.00614.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Vanderklippe N. 2018. In China Classroom Cameras Scan Students Faces for Emotion Stroking Fears of New Form of State Monitoring. https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/world\/article-in-china-classroom-cameras-scan-student-faces-for-emotion-stoking\/.  Vanderklippe N. 2018. In China Classroom Cameras Scan Students Faces for Emotion Stroking Fears of New Form of State Monitoring. https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/world\/article-in-china-classroom-cameras-scan-student-faces-for-emotion-stoking\/."}],"event":{"name":"AIES '19: AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","location":"Honolulu HI USA","acronym":"AIES '19","sponsor":["SIGAI ACM Special Interest Group on Artificial Intelligence","AAAI American Association for Artificial Intelligence"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI\/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3306618.3314284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3306618.3314284","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3306618.3314284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T01:02:04Z","timestamp":1750208524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3306618.3314284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3306618.3314284","10.1145\/3306618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3306618.3314284","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-01-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}