{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:29:15Z","timestamp":1750220955901,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Meghalaya and Visvesvaraya Ph.D. Scheme, Government of India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Speculative execution is an optimization technique used in modern processors by which predicted instructions are executed in advance with an objective of overlapping the latencies of slow operations.\n            <jats:italic>Branch prediction<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>load value speculation<\/jats:italic>\n            are examples of speculative execution used in modern pipelined processors to avoid execution stalls. However, speculative executions incur a performance penalty as an execution rollback when there is a misprediction. In this work, we propose to aid speculative execution with approximate computing by relaxing the execution rollback penalty associated with a misprediction. We propose a sensitivity analysis method for data and branches in a program to identify the data load and branch instructions that can be executed without any rollback in the pipeline and yet can ensure a certain user-specified quality of service of the application with a probabilistic reliability. Our analysis is based on statistical methods, particularly hypothesis testing and Bayesian analysis. We perform an architectural simulation of our proposed approximate execution and report the benefits in terms of CPU cycles and energy utilization on selected applications from the AxBench, ACCEPT, and Parsec 3.0 benchmarks suite.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3307651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T19:36:17Z","timestamp":1550172977000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing Speculative Execution With Selective Approximate Computing"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Bernard","family":"Nongpoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Bijni Complex, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Bijni Complex, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, Meghalaya, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moumita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ansuman","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Richard C. Aster Brian Borchers and Clifford H. Thurber. 2011. Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems. Vol. 90. Academic Press.  Richard C. Aster Brian Borchers and Clifford H. Thurber. 2011. Parameter Estimation and Inverse Problems. Vol. 90. Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279358.279391"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1454115.1454128"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2629677"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Design VLSI in Computers and Processors (ICCD\u201997)","author":"Chen Cheng K.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2755753.2755927"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/290940.290962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2012.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2012.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"William Feller. 1968. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 1. Wiley. http:\/\/www.amazon.ca\/exec\/obidos\/redirect?tag&equals;citeulike04-20&path&equals;&equals;&equals;ASIN\/0471257087.  William Feller. 1968. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications. Vol. 1. Wiley. http:\/\/www.amazon.ca\/exec\/obidos\/redirect?tag&equals;citeulike04-20&path&equals;&equals;&equals;ASIN\/0471257087."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/263580.263631"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 18th IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS\u201913)","author":"Han J.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMSCS.2016.2617343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson. 2011. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann.   John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson. 2011. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4.996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357062.357071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1669112.1669172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/248209.237173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1065010.1065034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2014.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2893356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2654251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Gennady Pekhimenko Danai Koutra and Kun Qian. 2011. Approximate computing: Application analysis and hardware design. Retrieved from ww.cs.cmu.edu\/&sim;gpekhime\/Projects\/15740\/paper.pdf.  Gennady Pekhimenko Danai Koutra and Kun Qian. 2011. Approximate computing: Application analysis and hardware design. Retrieved from ww.cs.cmu.edu\/&sim;gpekhime\/Projects\/15740\/paper.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01205181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1183401.1183447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijay K. Rohatgi and A. K. Md. Ehsanes Saleh. 2015. An Introduction to Probability and Statistics. John Wiley 8 Sons.  Vijay K. Rohatgi and A. K. Md. Ehsanes Saleh. 2015. An Introduction to Probability and Statistics. John Wiley 8 Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118799635"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2666357.2597812"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reuven Y. Rubinstein and Dirk P. Kroese. 2007. Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method (2nd ed.). Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley.   Reuven Y. Rubinstein and Dirk P. Kroese. 2007. Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method (2nd ed.). Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470230381"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. 2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.   Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig. 2003. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.). Pearson Education."},{"volume-title":"ACCEPT: A Programmer-Guided Compiler Framework for Practical Approximate Computing. Technical Report UW-CSE-15-01-1","year":"2015","author":"Sampson Adrian","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1993316.1993518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1273442.1250746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2025113.2025133"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2628071.2628110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/192724.192753"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2854038.2854058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2744769.2751163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731118"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 12th International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT\u201903)","author":"Wang N.","key":"e_1_2_1_40_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/216585.216588"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS\u201916)","author":"Wunderlich H.","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2755753.2755938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2836168"},{"volume":"2404","volume-title":"Computer Aided Verification. Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Hakan L.","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3307651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3307651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:06Z","timestamp":1750204446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3307651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3307651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3307651","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1084-4309"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7309"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}