{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T10:16:35Z","timestamp":1787912195164,"version":"build-2784847793"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":46,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313545","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T12:17:59Z","timestamp":1557749879000},"page":"383-393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["On Attribution of Recurrent Neural Network Predictions via Additive Decomposition"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Mengnan","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninghao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuiwang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leila Arras Gre\u00b4goire Montavon Klaus-Robert M\u00fcller and Wojciech Samek. 2017. Explaining recurrent neural network predictions in sentiment analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.07206(2017).  Leila Arras Gre\u00b4goire Montavon Klaus-Robert M\u00fcller and Wojciech Samek. 2017. Explaining recurrent neural network predictions in sentiment analysis. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.07206(2017).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"On pixel-wise explanations for non-linear classifier decisions by layer-wise relevance propagation. PloS one10, 7","author":"Bach Sebastian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sebastian Bach , Alexander Binder , Gre\u00b4goire Montavon , Frederick Klauschen , Klaus-Robert M\u00fcller , and Wojciech Samek . 2015. On pixel-wise explanations for non-linear classifier decisions by layer-wise relevance propagation. PloS one10, 7 ( 2015 ), e0130140. Sebastian Bach, Alexander Binder, Gre\u00b4goire Montavon, Frederick Klauschen, Klaus-Robert M\u00fcller, and Wojciech Samek. 2015. On pixel-wise explanations for non-linear classifier decisions by layer-wise relevance propagation. PloS one10, 7 (2015), e0130140."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association.","author":"Che Zhengping","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhengping Che , Sanjay Purushotham , Robinder Khemani , and Yan Liu . 2016 . Interpretable deep models for ICU outcome prediction . In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association. Zhengping Che, Sanjay Purushotham, Robinder Khemani, and Yan Liu. 2016. Interpretable deep models for ICU outcome prediction. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Caglar Gulcehre, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, and Yoshua Bengio.","author":"Cho Kyunghyun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kyunghyun Cho , Bart Van Merri\u00ebnboer , Caglar Gulcehre, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014 . Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078(2014). Kyunghyun Cho, Bart Van Merri\u00ebnboer, Caglar Gulcehre, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder-decoder for statistical machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.1078(2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3220063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Denil Misha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Misha Denil , Alban Demiraj , and Nando de Freitas . 2015 . Extraction of salient sentences from labelled documents . International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2015). Misha Denil, Alban Demiraj, and Nando de Freitas. 2015. Extraction of salient sentences from labelled documents. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805(2018).","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2018 . BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805(2018). Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Mengnan Du Ninghao Liu and Xia Hu. 2018. Techniques for Interpretable Machine Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.00033(2018).  Mengnan Du Ninghao Liu and Xia Hu. 2018. Techniques for Interpretable Machine Learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.00033(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3220099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Goodfellow Ian J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ian J Goodfellow , Jonathon Shlens , and Christian Szegedy . 2015 . Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples . International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2015). Ian J Goodfellow, Jonathon Shlens, and Christian Szegedy. 2015. Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)","author":"Hechtlinger Yotam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yotam Hechtlinger . 2016 . Interpretation of prediction models using the input gradient . Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2016). Yotam Hechtlinger. 2016. Interpretation of prediction models using the input gradient. Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Fine-tuned Language Models for Text Classification. 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Howard Jeremy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeremy Howard and Sebastian Ruder . 2018 . Fine-tuned Language Models for Text Classification. 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (2018). Jeremy Howard and Sebastian Ruder. 2018. Fine-tuned Language Models for Text Classification. 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"ICLR Workshop","author":"Karpathy Andrej","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrej Karpathy , Justin Johnson , and Li Fei-Fei . 2016 . Visualizing and understanding recurrent networks . ICLR Workshop (2016). Andrej Karpathy, Justin Johnson, and Li Fei-Fei. 2016. Visualizing and understanding recurrent networks. ICLR Workshop (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980(2014).","author":"Kingma Diederik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diederik Kingma and Jimmy Ba . 2014 . Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980(2014). Diederik Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2014. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980(2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"Jiwei Li Will Monroe and Dan Jurafsky. 2016. Understanding neural networks through representation erasure. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.08220(2016).  Jiwei Li Will Monroe and Dan Jurafsky. 2016. Understanding neural networks through representation erasure. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.08220(2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Lin Zhouhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhouhan Lin , Minwei Feng , Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Mo Yu , Bing Xiang , Bowen Zhou , and Yoshua Bengio . 2017 . A structured self-attentive sentence embedding . International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017). Zhouhan Lin, Minwei Feng, Cicero Nogueira dos Santos, Mo Yu, Bing Xiang, Bowen Zhou, and Yoshua Bengio. 2017. A structured self-attentive sentence embedding. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Zachary C Lipton. 2016. The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490(2016).  Zachary C Lipton. 2016. The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490(2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3290960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3220027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of computational linguistics","author":"Mitkov Ruslan","unstructured":"Ruslan Mitkov . 2005. The Oxford handbook of computational linguistics . Oxford University Press . Ruslan Mitkov. 2005. The Oxford handbook of computational linguistics. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Miyato Takeru","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takeru Miyato , Andrew M Dai , and Ian Goodfellow . 2017 . Adversarial training methods for semi-supervised text classification . International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017). Takeru Miyato, Andrew M Dai, and Ian Goodfellow. 2017. Adversarial training methods for semi-supervised text classification. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"Murdoch W James","year":"2018","unstructured":"W James Murdoch , Peter J Liu , and Bin Yu . 2018 . Beyond Word Importance: Contextual Decomposition to Extract Interactions from LSTMs . International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2018). W James Murdoch, Peter J Liu, and Bin Yu. 2018. Beyond Word Importance: Contextual Decomposition to Extract Interactions from LSTMs. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)","author":"James Murdoch W","year":"2017","unstructured":"W James Murdoch and Arthur Szlam . 2017 . Automatic rule extraction from long short term memory networks . International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017). W James Murdoch and Arthur Szlam. 2017. Automatic rule extraction from long short term memory networks. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1097"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2016.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)","author":"Poerner Nina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nina Poerner , Hinrich Sch\u00fctze , and Benjamin Roth . 2018 . Evaluating neural network explanation methods using hybrid documents and morphological prediction . 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (2018). Nina Poerner, Hinrich Sch\u00fctze, and Benjamin Roth. 2018. Evaluating neural network explanation methods using hybrid documents and morphological prediction. 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Interpretable Adversarial Perturbation in Input Embedding Space for Text. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)","author":"Sato Motoki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Motoki Sato , Jun Suzuki , Hiroyuki Shindo , and Yuji Matsumoto . 2018 . Interpretable Adversarial Perturbation in Input Embedding Space for Text. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) (2018). Motoki Sato, Jun Suzuki, Hiroyuki Shindo, and Yuji Matsumoto. 2018. Interpretable Adversarial Perturbation in Input Embedding Space for Text. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop","author":"Simonyan Karen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Karen Simonyan , Andrea Vedaldi , and Andrew Zisserman . 2014 . Deep inside convolutional networks: Visualising image classification models and saliency maps . International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop (2014). Karen Simonyan, Andrea Vedaldi, and Andrew Zisserman. 2014. Deep inside convolutional networks: Visualising image classification models and saliency maps. International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). 1631-1642","author":"Socher Richard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richard Socher , Alex Perelygin , Jean Wu , Jason Chuang , Christopher D Manning , Andrew Ng , and Christopher Potts . 2013 . Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank . In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). 1631-1642 . Richard Socher, Alex Perelygin, Jean Wu, Jason Chuang, Christopher D Manning, Andrew Ng, and Christopher Potts. 2013. Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on empirical methods in natural language processing (EMNLP). 1631-1642."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop","author":"Springenberg Jost Tobias","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jost Tobias Springenberg , Alexey Dosovitskiy , Thomas Brox , and Martin Riedmiller . 2015 . Striving for simplicity: The all convolutional net . International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop (2015). Jost Tobias Springenberg, Alexey Dosovitskiy, Thomas Brox, and Martin Riedmiller. 2015. Striving for simplicity: The all convolutional net. International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Sundararajan Mukund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mukund Sundararajan , Ankur Taly , and Qiqi Yan . 2017 . Axiomatic attribution for deep networks . International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (2017). Mukund Sundararajan, Ankur Taly, and Qiqi Yan. 2017. Axiomatic attribution for deep networks. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Towards Interpretation of Recommender Systems with Sorted Explanation Paths. In IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM).","author":"Yang Fan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan Yang , Ninghao Liu , Suhang Wang , and Xia Hu . 2018 . Towards Interpretation of Recommender Systems with Sorted Explanation Paths. In IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM). Fan Yang, Ninghao Liu, Suhang Wang, and Xia Hu. 2018. Towards Interpretation of Recommender Systems with Sorted Explanation Paths. In IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1174"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33015717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"Xiang Zhang Junbo Zhao and Yann LeCun. 2015. Character-level convolutional networks for text classification. In Advances in neural information processing systems (NIPS). 649-657.   Xiang Zhang Junbo Zhao and Yann LeCun. 2015. Character-level convolutional networks for text classification. In Advances in neural information processing systems (NIPS). 649-657."}],"event":{"name":"WWW '19: The Web Conference","location":"San Francisco CA USA","acronym":"WWW '19","sponsor":["IW3C2 International World Wide Web Conference Committee"]},"container-title":["The World Wide Web Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3308558.3313545","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3308558.3313545","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:53:20Z","timestamp":1750204400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3308558.3313545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3308558.3313545","10.1145\/3308558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3308558.3313545","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}