{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:07:23Z","timestamp":1784081243913,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the growing interest in cryptocurrencies, the delays incurred to confirm transactions are one of the factors that hamper the wide adoption of systems such as Bitcoin. Bitcoin transactions usually are confirmed in short periods (minutes), but still much larger than conventional credit card systems (seconds). In this work, we propose a framework encompassing machine learning and a queueing theory model to (i) identify which transactions will be confirmed; and (ii) characterize the confirmation time of confirmed transactions. The proposed queueing theory model accounts for factors such as the activity time of blocks and the mean time between transactions. We parameterize the model for transactions that are confirmed within minutes, suggesting that its integration into a more general framework is a step towards building scalability to Bitcoin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3308897.3308952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,28]],"date-time":"2019-01-28T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1548684099000},"page":"122-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Learning Blockchain Delays"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Saulo","family":"Ricci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cipher Trace, Los Gatos, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Sadoc","family":"Menasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Ziviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LNCC, Petropolis, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Eduardo","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Borges","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3108601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"From mining to markets: The evolution of Bitcoin transaction fees. SSRN","author":"Easley D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Easley , D. , O'Hara , M. , and Basu , S . From mining to markets: The evolution of Bitcoin transaction fees. SSRN ( 2017 ). Easley, D., O'Hara, M., and Basu, S. From mining to markets: The evolution of Bitcoin transaction fees. SSRN (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2462638"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"A Delay-Tolerant Payment Scheme Based on the Ethereum Blockchain. arXiv:1801.10295","author":"Hu Y.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu , Y. , Manzoor , A. , Ekparinya , P. , Liyanage , M. , Thilakarathna , K. , Jourjon , G. , Seneviratne , A. , and Ylianttila , M. E . A Delay-Tolerant Payment Scheme Based on the Ethereum Blockchain. arXiv:1801.10295 ( 2018 ). Hu, Y., Manzoor, A., Ekparinya, P., Liyanage, M., Thilakarathna, K., Jourjon, G., Seneviratne, A., and Ylianttila, M. E. A Delay-Tolerant Payment Scheme Based on the Ethereum Blockchain. arXiv:1801.10295 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Monopoly without a monopolist. SSRN","author":"Huberman G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huberman , G. , Leshno , J. D. , and Moallemi , C. C . Monopoly without a monopolist. SSRN ( 2017 ). Huberman, G., Leshno, J. D., and Moallemi, C. C. Monopoly without a monopolist. SSRN (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Priority mechanism of Bitcoin and its e ect on transaction-con rmation process. arXiv","author":"Kasahara S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasahara , S. , and Kawahara , J . Priority mechanism of Bitcoin and its e ect on transaction-con rmation process. arXiv ( 2016 ). Kasahara, S., and Kawahara, J. Priority mechanism of Bitcoin and its e ect on transaction-con rmation process. arXiv (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68520-5_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Predicting the con rmation time of bitcoin transactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.10596","author":"Koops D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koops , D. Predicting the con rmation time of bitcoin transactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.10596 ( 2018 ). Koops, D. Predicting the con rmation time of bitcoin transactions. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.10596 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"-X. Blockchain queueing theory. arXiv:1808.01795","author":"Li Q.-L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li , Q.-L. , Ma , J.-Y. , and Chang , Y . -X. Blockchain queueing theory. arXiv:1808.01795 ( 2018 ). Li, Q.-L., Ma, J.-Y., and Chang, Y.-X. Blockchain queueing theory. arXiv:1808.01795 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"6","volume-title":"NOMS","author":"Pontiveros B. B. F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pontiveros , B. B. F. , Norvill , R. , and State , R . Monitoring the transaction selection policy of Bitcoin mining pools . In NOMS ( 2018 ), IEEE, pp. 1{ 6 . Pontiveros, B. B. F., Norvill, R., and State, R. Monitoring the transaction selection policy of Bitcoin mining pools. In NOMS (2018), IEEE, pp. 1{6."}],"container-title":["ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3308897.3308952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3308897.3308952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:58:03Z","timestamp":1750208283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3308897.3308952"}},"subtitle":["A Queueing Theory Approach"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3308897.3308952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3308897.3308952","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-5999","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-01-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}