{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:38:19Z","timestamp":1776116299675,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Hum.-Robot Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Dominance is a key aspect of interpersonal relationships. To what extent do nonverbal indicators related to dominance status translate to a nonanthropomorphic robot? An experiment (\n            <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n            = 25) addressed whether a mobile robot's motion style can influence people's perceptions of its status. Using concepts from improv theater literature, we developed two motion styles across three scenarios (robot makes lateral motions, approaches, and departs) to communicate a robot's dominance status through nonverbal expression. In agreement with the literature, participants described a motion style that was fast, in the foreground, and more animated as\n            <jats:italic>higher status<\/jats:italic>\n            than a motion style that was slow, in the periphery, and less animated. Participants used fewer negative emotion words to describe the robot with the purportedly high-status movements versus the purportedly low-status movements, but used more negative emotion words to describe the robot when it made departing motions that occurred in the same style. This result provides evidence that guidelines from improvisational theater for using nonverbal expression to perform interpersonal status can be applied to influence perception of a nonanthropomorphic robot's status, thus suggesting that useful models for more complicated behaviors might similarly be derived from performance literature and theory.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3310357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T12:15:57Z","timestamp":1557231357000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Communicating Dominance in a Nonanthropomorphic Robot Using Locomotion"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jamy","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cuadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Jofish","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mozilla, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, New York, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Watch Nissan's new self-driving office chair in action. Retrieved","author":"Brueck Hilary","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hilary Brueck . 2016. Watch Nissan's new self-driving office chair in action. Retrieved October 1, 2016 from http:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/02\/17\/nissan-self-driving-chair\/. Hilary Brueck. 2016. Watch Nissan's new self-driving office chair in action. Retrieved October 1, 2016 from http:\/\/fortune.com\/2016\/02\/17\/nissan-self-driving-chair\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1984.tb00023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758709390214"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008986004181"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2906831.2906878"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Twentieth-Century Actor Training","author":"Chamberlain Franc","unstructured":"Franc Chamberlain . 2012. Michael Chekhov on the technique of acting: \u2018Was Don Quixote true to life? \u2019 In Twentieth-Century Actor Training , Alison Hodge (Ed.). Routledge , London , 97--115. Franc Chamberlain. 2012. Michael Chekhov on the technique of acting: \u2018Was Don Quixote true to life?\u2019 In Twentieth-Century Actor Training, Alison Hodge (Ed.). Routledge, London, 97--115."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-7051(93)90017-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121241.1121272"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.3.592"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships","volume":"22","author":"Dunbar Norah E.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Norah E. Dunbar and Judee K. Burgoon . 2005 . Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships . J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 22 , 2 (2005), 207 -- 233 . Norah E. Dunbar and Judee K. Burgoon. 2005. Perceptions of power and interactional dominance in interpersonal relationships. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 22, 2 (2005), 207--233.","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559659"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"A survey of socially interactive robots","volume":"42","author":"Fong Terrence","year":"2003","unstructured":"Terrence Fong , Illah Nourbakhsh , and Kerstin Dautenhahn . 2003 . A survey of socially interactive robots . Robot. Auton. Syst. 42 , 3 - 4 (2003), 143--166. Terrence Fong, Illah Nourbakhsh, and Kerstin Dautenhahn. 2003. A survey of socially interactive robots. Robot. Auton. Syst. 42, 3-4 (2003), 143--166.","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121241.1121286"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"The Theater in Soviet Russia","author":"Gorchakov Nikolai","unstructured":"Nikolai Gorchakov . 1957. The Theater in Soviet Russia . Columbia University Press , New York, NY . Nikolai Gorchakov. 1957. The Theater in Soviet Russia. Columbia University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734545"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Towards a Poor Theatre","author":"Grotowski Jerzy","unstructured":"Jerzy Grotowski . 2012. Towards a Poor Theatre . Routledge , New York, NY . Jerzy Grotowski. 2012. Towards a Poor Theatre. Routledge, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1416950"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2000.0368"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.3.1.Hoffman"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610391912"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre","author":"Johnstone Keith","year":"1979","unstructured":"Keith Johnstone . 1979 . Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre . Routledge , New York, NY . Keith Johnstone. 1979. Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre. Routledge, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2014.6926264"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696459"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171261"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"McGoogan Cara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cara McGoogan . 2016 . Too lazy to queue? Nissan's robotic chairs are replacing lines in Japan . Retrieved October 10, 2016 from http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/technology\/2016\/09\/28\/too-lazy-to-queue-nissans-robotic-chairs-are-replacing-lines-in\/. Cara McGoogan. 2016. Too lazy to queue? Nissan's robotic chairs are replacing lines in Japan. Retrieved October 10, 2016 from http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/technology\/2016\/09\/28\/too-lazy-to-queue-nissans-robotic-chairs-are-replacing-lines-in\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2011.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Laban for All. Taylor 8 Francis","author":"Newlove Jean","unstructured":"Jean Newlove and John Dalby . 2004. Laban for All. Taylor 8 Francis , Burlington, MA . Jean Newlove and John Dalby. 2004. Laban for All. Taylor 8 Francis, Burlington, MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN\u201905)","author":"Pacchierotti Elena","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elena Pacchierotti , Henrik I. Christensen , and Patric Jensfelt . 2005 . Embodied social interaction in hallway settings: A user study . In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN\u201905) . IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 164--171. Elena Pacchierotti, Henrik I. Christensen, and Patric Jensfelt. 2005. Embodied social interaction in hallway settings: A user study. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN\u201905). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 164--171."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Francis","author":"Pennebaker James W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"James W. Pennebaker and Martha E . Francis . 1999 . Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , Mahwah, NJ. James W. Pennebaker and Martha E. Francis. 1999. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2447556.2447558"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places","author":"Reeves Byron","unstructured":"Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass . 1996. The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK . Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass. 1996. The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Judd","author":"Reis Harry T.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harry T. Reis and Charles M . Judd . 2000 . Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK. Harry T. Reis and Charles M. Judd. 2000. Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5898\/JHRI.1.1.Riek"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13226-1_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Commedia Dell'arte: An Actor's Handbook","author":"Rudlin John","unstructured":"John Rudlin . 1994. Commedia Dell'arte: An Actor's Handbook . Routledge , London . John Rudlin. 1994. Commedia Dell'arte: An Actor's Handbook. Routledge, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1734454.1734473"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis","author":"Schreier Margrit","unstructured":"Margrit Schreier . 2014. Qualitative content analysis . In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis , Uwe Flick (Ed.). Sage Publications , Los Angeles, CA , 170--183. Margrit Schreier. 2014. Qualitative content analysis. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis, Uwe Flick (Ed.). Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 170--183."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2447556.2447671"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2696454.2696461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020239"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"Improvisation for the Theater: A Handbook of Teaching and Directing Techniques","author":"Spolin Viola","unstructured":"Viola Spolin and Paul Sills . 1999. Improvisation for the Theater: A Handbook of Teaching and Directing Techniques . Northwestern University Press, Evanston , IL. Viola Spolin and Paul Sills. 1999. Improvisation for the Theater: A Handbook of Teaching and Directing Techniques. Northwestern University Press, Evanston, IL."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1957656.1957674"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.3.558"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2035304.2035332"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3171221.3171253"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-011-0114-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333693"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2015.7333582"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370024.2012.697046"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3310357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3310357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:53:37Z","timestamp":1750204417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3310357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3310357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3310357","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-9522"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-9522","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}