{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T11:14:06Z","timestamp":1763810046007,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018558","name":"Shanghai Shuguang Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17SG37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17SG37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018558","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Pujiang Program","award":["15pjd015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15pjd015"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61671282, 61373151, 61601278, and 61525305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671282, 61373151, 61601278, and 61525305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Plan","award":["18010500200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18010500200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The scalable extension of the high-efficiency video coding (SHVC) system adopts a hierarchical\u00a0quadtree-based coding unit (CU) that is suitable for various texture and motion properties of videos. Currently, the test model of SHVC identifies the optimal CU size by performing an exhaustive quadtree depth-level search, which achieves a high compression efficiency at a heavy cost in terms of the computational complexity. However, many interactive multimedia applications, such as remote monitoring and video surveillance, which are sensitive to time delays, have insufficient computational power for coding high-definition (HD) and ultra-high-definition (UHD) videos. Therefore, it is important, yet challenging, to optimize the SHVC coding procedure and accelerate video coding. In this article, we propose a fast CU quadtree depth-level decision algorithm for inter-frames on enhancement layers that is based on an analysis of inter-layer, spatial, and temporal correlations. When motion\/texture properties of coding regions can be identified early, a fast algorithm can be designed for adapting CU depth-level decision procedures to video contents and avoiding unnecessary computations during CU depth-level traversal. The proposed algorithm determines the motion activity level at the treeblock size of the hierarchical\u00a0quadtree by utilizing motion vectors from its corresponding blocks at the base layer. Based on the motion activity level, neighboring encoded CUs that have larger correlations are preferentially selected to predict the optimal depth level of the current treeblock. Finally, two parameters, namely, the motion activity level and the predicted CU depth level, are used to identify a subset of candidate CU depth levels and adaptively optimize CU depth-level decision processes. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can run approximately three times faster than the most recent SHVC reference software, with a negligible loss of compression efficiency. The proposed scheme is efficient for all types of scalable video sequences under various coding conditions and outperforms state-of-the-art fast SHVC and HEVC algorithms. Our scheme is a suitable candidate for interactive HD\/UHD video applications that are expected to operate in real-time and power-constrained scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3313185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T12:28:42Z","timestamp":1559824122000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Low-Complexity Scalable Extension of the High-Efficiency Video Coding (SHVC) Encoding System"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Liquan","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guorui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). 193--194","author":"Bailleul R.","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"volume-title":"13th VCEG-M33 Meeting.","year":"2001","author":"Bjontegaard G.","key":"e_1_2_1_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2015.2461951"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). 1114--1117","author":"Correa G.","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia 8 Expo Workshops (ICMEW). 381--386","author":"Chiang W.","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2015.2473299"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2009.2030606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2515365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2754167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2018.2867895"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications (WARTIA). 1366--1370","author":"Ge Q.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2014.2302557"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE China Summit and International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (China SIP). 559--563","author":"Heindel A.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). 90--91","author":"Hilmi B.","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1352012.1352019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"JCTVC-F092. 2011. Coding tree pruning based CU early termination. ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Torino IT.  JCTVC-F092. 2011. Coding tree pruning based CU early termination. ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Torino IT."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"JCTVC-F045. 2011. Early termination of CU encoding to reduce HEVC complexity. ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Torino IT.  JCTVC-F045. 2011. Early termination of CU encoding to reduce HEVC complexity. ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Torino IT."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"JCTVC-E090. 2011. Adaptive CU depth range. ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Geneva Switzerland.  JCTVC-E090. 2011. Adaptive CU depth range. ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"JCTVC-O0022. 2013. Test sequence material (AHG22). ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Geneva Switzerland.  JCTVC-O0022. 2013. Test sequence material (AHG22). ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC29\/WG11. Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"JCTVC-P1009. 2014. Common SHM test Conditions and Software Reference Configurations. San Jos\u00e9 NM.  JCTVC-P1009. 2014. Common SHM test Conditions and Software Reference Configurations. San Jos\u00e9 NM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2524995"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of Digital TV and Wireless Multimedia Communication. 349--357","author":"Kang M.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2015.2444672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2012.2184154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2016.2557075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2745709"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-014-0484-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2016.2623241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2006.877404"},{"volume-title":"17th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP). 1--5.","author":"Li G.","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-018-6527-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3460-9"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP). 1792--1796","author":"Lu X.","key":"e_1_2_1_33_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2014.2321682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2007.905532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2700298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Shen P. An and Z. Liu. 2017. Context-adaptive based CU processing for 3D-HEVC. PLOS ONE 23.  L. Shen P. An and Z. Liu. 2017. Context-adaptive based CU processing for 3D-HEVC. PLOS ONE 23.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2012.2231060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2177849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2014.2313892"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2223031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2012.2221191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2490257.2490298"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). 191--192","author":"Tohidypour H. R.","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2510332"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC). 1--4.","author":"Wang H.","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Computing. 693--699","author":"Wang D.","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2462747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2010.2041825"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing. 394--397","author":"Zuo X.","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 2000--2004","author":"Zhang Y.","key":"e_1_2_1_52_1"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3313185","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3313185","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:00Z","timestamp":1750204440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3313185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3313185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3313185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1551-6857"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1551-6865"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}