{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:39:58Z","timestamp":1779320398738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tertiary Educational Trust Fund (TETFund) Nigeria"},{"name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Part-of-speech (POS) tagging is a well-established technology for most Western European languages and a few other world languages, but it has not been evaluated on Igbo, an agglutinative African language. This article presents POS tagging experiments conducted using an Igbo corpus as a test bed for identifying the POS taggers and the Machine Learning (ML) methods that can achieve a good performance with the small dataset available for the language. Experiments have been conducted using different well-known POS taggers developed for English or European languages, and different training data styles and sizes. Igbo has a number of language-specific characteristics that present a challenge for effective POS tagging. One interesting case is the wide use of verbs (and nominalizations thereof) that have an\n            <jats:italic>inherent noun complement<\/jats:italic>\n            , which form \u201clinked pairs\u201d in the POS tagging scheme, but which may appear discontinuously. Another issue is Igbo\u2019s highly productive agglutinative morphology, which can produce many variant word forms from a given root. This productivity is a key cause of the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words observed during Igbo tagging. We report results of experiments on a promising direction for improving tagging performance on such morphologically-inflected OOV words.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3314942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T18:01:38Z","timestamp":1558634498000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Toward an Effective Igbo Part-of-Speech Tagger"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9727-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikechukwu E.","family":"Onyenwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hepple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uchechukwu","family":"Chinedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignatius","family":"Ezeani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Development of tag sets for part-of-speech tagging","author":"Atwell E. 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