{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:16:53Z","timestamp":1774023413221,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electronic systems are ubiquitous today, playing an irreplaceable role in our personal lives, as well as in critical infrastructures such as power grids, satellite communications, and public transportation. In the past few decades, the security of software running on these systems has received significant attention. However, hardware has been assumed to be trustworthy and reliable \u201cby default\u201d without really analyzing the vulnerabilities in the electronics supply chain. With the rapid globalization of the semiconductor industry, it has become challenging to ensure the integrity and security of hardware. In this article, we discuss the integrity concerns associated with a globalized electronics supply chain. More specifically, we divide the supply chain into six distinct entities: IP owner\/foundry (OCM), distributor, assembler, integrator, end user, and electronics recycler, and analyze the vulnerabilities and threats associated with each stage. To address the concerns of the supply chain integrity, we propose a blockchain-based certificate authority framework that can be used to manage critical chip information such as electronic chip identification, chip grade, and transaction time. The decentralized nature of the proposed framework can mitigate most threats of the electronics supply chain, such as recycling, remarking, cloning, and overproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3315571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T12:19:02Z","timestamp":1557404342000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Electronics Supply Chain Integrity Enabled by Blockchain"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahim","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bicky","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apostol","family":"Vassilev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenic","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tehranipoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. O\u2019Reilly Media","author":"Antonopoulos Andreas M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andreas M. Antonopoulos . 2014 . Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. O\u2019Reilly Media , Inc . Andreas M. Antonopoulos. 2014. Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies. O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","series-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume-title":"Counterfeit electronics detection using image processing and machine learning","author":"Asadizanjani Navid","unstructured":"Navid Asadizanjani , Mark Tehranipoor , and Domenic Forte . 2017. Counterfeit electronics detection using image processing and machine learning . In Journal of Physics: Conference Series , Vol. 787 . IOP Publishing . Navid Asadizanjani, Mark Tehranipoor, and Domenic Forte. 2017. Counterfeit electronics detection using image processing and machine learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 787. IOP Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"PCB reverse engineering using nondestructive x-ray tomography and advanced image processing","volume":"7","author":"Asadizanjani Navid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Navid Asadizanjani , Mark Tehranipoor , and Domenic Forte . 2017 . PCB reverse engineering using nondestructive x-ray tomography and advanced image processing . IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7 , 2 (2017), 292 -- 299 . Navid Asadizanjani, Mark Tehranipoor, and Domenic Forte. 2017. PCB reverse engineering using nondestructive x-ray tomography and advanced image processing. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 7, 2 (2017), 292--299.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Kerry Bernstein. 2014. Supply Chain Hardware Integrity for Electronics Defense (SHIELD). DARPA.  Kerry Bernstein. 2014. Supply Chain Hardware Integrity for Electronics Defense (SHIELD). DARPA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits","author":"Bushnell Michael","unstructured":"Michael Bushnell and Vishwani Agrawal . 2004. Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits . Vol. 17 . Springer Science 8 Business Media. Michael Bushnell and Vishwani Agrawal. 2004. Essentials of Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI Circuits. Vol. 17. Springer Science 8 Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2007.896914"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.1998.694985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DFT.2013.6653606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Defense Science Board. 2005. Defense Science Board Task Force on High Performance Microchip Supply. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Technology and Logistics.  Defense Science Board. 2005. Defense Science Board Task Force on High Performance Microchip Supply. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Technology and Logistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE\u201914)","author":"Delvaux J.","unstructured":"J. Delvaux and I. Verbauwhede . 2014. Key-recovery attacks on various RO PUF constructions via helper data manipulation . In Proceedings of the Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE\u201914) . 1--6. J. Delvaux and I. Verbauwhede. 2014. Key-recovery attacks on various RO PUF constructions via helper data manipulation. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation, and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE\u201914). 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2014.2347918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Guardtime and Intrinsic ID. 2017. Internet of Things Authentication: A Blockchain Solution Using SRAM Physical Unclonable Functions. Retrieved March 5 2019 from https:\/\/www.intrinsic-id.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/gt_KSI-PUF-web-1611.pdf.  Guardtime and Intrinsic ID. 2017. Internet of Things Authentication: A Blockchain Solution Using SRAM Physical Unclonable Functions. Retrieved March 5 2019 from https:\/\/www.intrinsic-id.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/gt_KSI-PUF-web-1611.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2332291"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HST.2016.7495581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3061639.3062249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on RFID Security.","author":"Holcomb D.","unstructured":"D. Holcomb , W. P. Burleson , and K. Fu . 2007. Initial SRAM state as a fingerprint and source of true random numbers for RFID tags . In Proceedings of the Conference on RFID Security. D. Holcomb, W. P. Burleson, and K. Fu. 2007. Initial SRAM state as a fingerprint and source of true random numbers for RFID tags. In Proceedings of the Conference on RFID Security."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSI-DAT.2018.8373269"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Standard Linear and Logic Semiconductor Marking Guidelines. Retrieved","author":"James Huckabee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huckabee James and Troxtell Cles . 2002. Standard Linear and Logic Semiconductor Marking Guidelines. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/szza020c\/szza020c.pdf. Huckabee James and Troxtell Cles. 2002. Standard Linear and Logic Semiconductor Marking Guidelines. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/lit\/an\/szza020c\/szza020c.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2485288.2485562"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/43.952740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2006.882490"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378239.378568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Information Hiding","author":"Koushanfar Farinaz","unstructured":"Farinaz Koushanfar , Gang Qu , and Miodrag Potkonjak . 2001. Intellectual property metering . In Information Hiding . Springer , 81--95. Farinaz Koushanfar, Gang Qu, and Miodrag Potkonjak. 2001. Intellectual property metering. In Information Hiding. Springer, 81--95."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201101760"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/43.952741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"ESCS 9120 Information Source. 2009. Learn to Know the Difference With AS5553. Available at https:\/\/escs9120.wordpress.com\/.  ESCS 9120 Information Source. 2009. Learn to Know the Difference With AS5553. Available at https:\/\/escs9120.wordpress.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIC.2004.1346548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Method of providing digital signatures","volume":"4","author":"Merkle Ralph C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ralph C. Merkle . 1982 . Method of providing digital signatures . US Patent 4 , 309 ,569. Ralph C. Merkle. 1982. Method of providing digital signatures. US Patent 4,309,569.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.1998.658762"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","article-title":"Leaderless, blockchain-based venture capital fund raises $100 million, and counting","author":"Morris David Z.","year":"2016","unstructured":"David Z. Morris . 2016 . Leaderless, blockchain-based venture capital fund raises $100 million, and counting . Fortune (Magazine) May 23, 2016. David Z. Morris. 2016. Leaderless, blockchain-based venture capital fund raises $100 million, and counting. Fortune (Magazine) May 23, 2016.","journal-title":"Fortune (Magazine)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto . 2008 . Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/en\/bitcoin-paper. Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/en\/bitcoin-paper."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","article-title":"IBM Pushes Blockchain Into the Supply Chain","author":"Nash Kim S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim S. Nash . 2016 . \u201c IBM Pushes Blockchain Into the Supply Chain .\u201d Wall Street Journal. Kim S. Nash. 2016. \u201cIBM Pushes Blockchain Into the Supply Chain.\u201d Wall Street Journal.","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","article-title":"Wal-Mart Readies Blockchain Pilot for Tracking U.S Produce, China Pork","author":"Nash Kim S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim S. Nash . 2016 . \u201c Wal-Mart Readies Blockchain Pilot for Tracking U.S Produce, China Pork .\u201d Wall Street Journal. Kim S. Nash. 2016. \u201cWal-Mart Readies Blockchain Pilot for Tracking U.S Produce, China Pork.\u201d Wall Street Journal.","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Parametric tests meet challenge of high-density ICS","volume":"48","author":"Nelson George F.","year":"1975","unstructured":"George F. Nelson and William F. Boggs . 1975 . Parametric tests meet challenge of high-density ICS . Electronics 48 , 25 (1975), 108 -- 111 . George F. Nelson and William F. Boggs. 1975. Parametric tests meet challenge of high-density ICS. Electronics 48, 25 (1975), 108--111.","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Physical one-way functions. Science 297, 5589","author":"Pappu Ravikanth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ravikanth Pappu , Ben Recht , Jason Taylor , and Neil Gershenfeld . 2002. Physical one-way functions. Science 297, 5589 ( 2002 ), 2026--2030. Ravikanth Pappu, Ben Recht, Jason Taylor, and Neil Gershenfeld. 2002. Physical one-way functions. Science 297, 5589 (2002), 2026--2030."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. Retrieved","author":"Pilkington Marc","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marc Pilkington . 2015 . Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id&equals;2662660. Marc Pilkington. 2015. Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id&equals;2662660."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2485288.2485591"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Decentralized Applications: Harnessing Bitcoin\u2019s Blockchain Technology. O\u2019Reilly Media","author":"Raval Siraj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siraj Raval . 2016 . Decentralized Applications: Harnessing Bitcoin\u2019s Blockchain Technology. O\u2019Reilly Media , Inc . Siraj Raval. 2016. Decentralized Applications: Harnessing Bitcoin\u2019s Blockchain Technology. O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2279798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"ECID\u2014The iPhone Wiki. Retrieved","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauriks. 2009. ECID\u2014The iPhone Wiki. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from https:\/\/www.theiphonewiki.com\/wiki\/ECID. Sauriks. 2009. ECID\u2014The iPhone Wiki. Retrieved March 5, 2019 from https:\/\/www.theiphonewiki.com\/wiki\/ECID."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things. The Economist.","author":"Staff Economist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Economist Staff . 2016 . Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things. The Economist. Economist Staff. 2016. Blockchains: The great chain of being sure about things. The Economist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1278480.1278484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World","author":"Tapscott Don","year":"2016","unstructured":"Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott . 2016 . Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World . Penguin . Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott. 2016. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Penguin."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Hardware Security and Trust","author":"Tehranipoor Mohammad","unstructured":"Mohammad Tehranipoor and Cliff Wang . 2011. Introduction to Hardware Security and Trust . Springer Science 8 Business Media. Mohammad Tehranipoor and Cliff Wang. 2011. Introduction to Hardware Security and Trust. Springer Science 8 Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Counterfeit Integrated Circuits","author":"Tehranipoor Mark Mohammad","unstructured":"Mark Mohammad Tehranipoor , Ujjwal Guin , and Domenic Forte . 2015. Counterfeit integrated circuits . In Counterfeit Integrated Circuits . Springer , 15--36. Mark Mohammad Tehranipoor, Ujjwal Guin, and Domenic Forte. 2015. Counterfeit integrated circuits. In Counterfeit Integrated Circuits. Springer, 15--36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2840819.2840841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI\u201916)","author":"Xu Xiaolin","unstructured":"Xiaolin Xu , Wayne Burleson , and Daniel E. Holcomb . 2016. Using statistical models to improve the reliability of delay-based PUFs . In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI\u201916) . IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 547--552. Xiaolin Xu, Wayne Burleson, and Daniel E. Holcomb. 2016. Using statistical models to improve the reliability of delay-based PUFs. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI\u201916). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 547--552."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2264063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228486"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3315571","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3315571","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:53:34Z","timestamp":1750204414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3315571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3315571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3315571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1084-4309","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}