{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:59:21Z","timestamp":1783007961484,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":43,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Technology Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS-1816802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1816802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363189","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T13:08:32Z","timestamp":1573132112000},"page":"2199-2214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Geneva"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Bock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Hughey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Claudio Agosti and Giovanni Pellerano. 2011. SniffJoke: transparent TCP connection scrambler. https:\/\/github.com\/vecna\/sniffjoke. (2011).  Claudio Agosti and Giovanni Pellerano. 2011. SniffJoke: transparent TCP connection scrambler. https:\/\/github.com\/vecna\/sniffjoke. (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI).","author":"Aryan Simurgh","unstructured":"Simurgh Aryan , Homa Aryan , and J. Alex Halderman . 2013 . Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI). Simurgh Aryan, Homa Aryan, and J. Alex Halderman. 2013. Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Encore: Lightweight Measurement of Web Censorship with Cross-Origin Requests. In ACM SIGCOMM.","author":"Burnett Sam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sam Burnett and Nick Feamster . 2015 . Encore: Lightweight Measurement of Web Censorship with Cross-Origin Requests. In ACM SIGCOMM. Sam Burnett and Nick Feamster. 2015. Encore: Lightweight Measurement of Web Censorship with Cross-Origin Requests. In ACM SIGCOMM."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Ignoring the Great Firewall of China. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS).","author":"Clayton Richard","unstructured":"Richard Clayton , Steven J. Murdoch , and Robert N. M. Watson . 2006 . Ignoring the Great Firewall of China. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS). Richard Clayton, Steven J. Murdoch, and Robert N. M. Watson. 2006. Ignoring the Great Firewall of China. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"Lawrence Davis. 1991. Handbook of genetic algorithms .CUMINCAD.  Lawrence Davis. 1991. Handbook of genetic algorithms .CUMINCAD."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1251375.1251396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2015.7366287"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).","author":"Ensafi Roya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roya Ensafi , David Fifield , Philipp Winter , Nick Feamster , Nicholas Weaver , and Vern Paxson . 2015 . Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC). Roya Ensafi, David Fifield, Philipp Winter, Nick Feamster, Nicholas Weaver, and Vern Paxson. 2015. Examining How the Great Firewall Discovers Hidden Circumvention Servers. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Evading Censorship with Browser-Based Proxies. Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS).","author":"Fifield David","year":"2012","unstructured":"David Fifield , Nate Hardison , Jonathan Ellithorpe , Emily Stark , Dan Boneh , Roger Dingledine , and Phil Porras . 2012 . Evading Censorship with Browser-Based Proxies. Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS). David Fifield, Nate Hardison, Jonathan Ellithorpe, Emily Stark, Dan Boneh, Roger Dingledine, and Phil Porras. 2012. Evading Censorship with Browser-Based Proxies. Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2015-0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","article-title":"DEAP: Evolutionary Algorithms Made Easy","volume":"13","author":"Fortin F\u00e9lix-Antoine","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00e9lix-Antoine Fortin , Franccois-Michel De Rainville , Marc-Andr\u00e9 Gardner , Marc Parizeau , and Christian Gagn\u00e9 . 2012 . DEAP: Evolutionary Algorithms Made Easy . Journal of Machine Learning Research , Vol. 13 ( July 2012), 2171--2175. F\u00e9lix-Antoine Fortin, Franccois-Michel De Rainville, Marc-Andr\u00e9 Gardner, Marc Parizeau, and Christian Gagn\u00e9. 2012. DEAP: Evolutionary Algorithms Made Easy. Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 13 (July 2012), 2171--2175.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSNT.2015.7490895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Handley Mark","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mark Handley , Vern Paxson , and Christian Kreibich . 2001 . Network Intrusion Detection: Evasion, Traffic Normalization, and End-To-End Protocol Semantics . In USENIX Security Symposium. Mark Handley, Vern Paxson, and Christian Kreibich. 2001. Network Intrusion Detection: Evasion, Traffic Normalization, and End-To-End Protocol Semantics. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"Amir Houmansadr Thomas Riedl Nikita Borisov and Andrew Singer. 2012. IP over Voice-over-IP for censorship circumvention. In arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.2683.  Amir Houmansadr Thomas Riedl Nikita Borisov and Andrew Singer. 2012. IP over Voice-over-IP for censorship circumvention. In arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.2683."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS).","author":"Housmandr Amir","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amir Housmandr , Giang T. K. Ngyuen , Matthew Caesar , and Nikita Borisov . 2011 . Cirripede: Circumvention Infrastructure using Router Redirection with Plausible Deniability . In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). Amir Housmandr, Giang T. K. Ngyuen, Matthew Caesar, and Nikita Borisov. 2011. Cirripede: Circumvention Infrastructure using Router Redirection with Plausible Deniability. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI).","author":"Khattak Sheharbano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sheharbano Khattak , Mobin Javed , Philip D. Anderson , and Vern Paxson . 2013 . Towards Illuminating a Censorship Monitor's Model to Facilitate Evasion . In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI). Sheharbano Khattak, Mobin Javed, Philip D. Anderson, and Vern Paxson. 2013. Towards Illuminating a Censorship Monitor's Model to Facilitate Evasion. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"Evaluating Fuzz Testing. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS).","author":"Klees George T.","year":"2018","unstructured":"George T. Klees , Andrew Ruef , Benjamin Cooper , Shiyi Wei , and Michael Hicks . 2018 . Evaluating Fuzz Testing. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS). George T. Klees, Andrew Ruef, Benjamin Cooper, Shiyi Wei, and Michael Hicks. 2018. Evaluating Fuzz Testing. In ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/354871.354874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dave Levin Youndo Lee Luke Valenta Zhihao Li Victoria Lai Cristian Lumenzanu Neil Spring and Bobby Bhattacharjee. 2015. Alibi Routing. In ACM SIGCOMM.  Dave Levin Youndo Lee Luke Valenta Zhihao Li Victoria Lai Cristian Lumenzanu Neil Spring and Bobby Bhattacharjee. 2015. Alibi Routing. In ACM SIGCOMM.","DOI":"10.1145\/2785956.2787509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"DeTor: Provably Avoiding Geographic Regions in Tor. In USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Li Zhihao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhihao Li , Stephen Herwig , and Dave Levin . 2017 . DeTor: Provably Avoiding Geographic Regions in Tor. In USENIX Security Symposium. Zhihao Li, Stephen Herwig, and Dave Levin. 2017. DeTor: Provably Avoiding Geographic Regions in Tor. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"Moxie Marlinspike. 2017. Doodles stickers and censorship circumvention for Signal Android. https:\/\/signal.org\/blog\/doodles-stickers-censorship\/. (2017).  Moxie Marlinspike. 2017. Doodles stickers and censorship circumvention for Signal Android. https:\/\/signal.org\/blog\/doodles-stickers-censorship\/. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","article-title":"Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment","volume":"239","author":"Merkel Dirk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dirk Merkel . 2014 . Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment . Linux Journal , Vol. 239 , 2 (2014). Dirk Merkel. 2014. Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment. Linux Journal, Vol. 239, 2 (2014).","journal-title":"Linux Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"The Anatomy of Web Censorship in Pakistan. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI).","author":"Nabi Zubair","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zubair Nabi . 2013 . The Anatomy of Web Censorship in Pakistan. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI). Zubair Nabi. 2013. The Anatomy of Web Censorship in Pakistan. In USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Newsham","author":"Ptacek Thomas H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Thomas H. Ptacek and Timothy N . Newsham . 1998 . Insertion, Evasion , and Denial of Service: Eluding Network Intrusion Detection. In Secure Networks, Inc . Thomas H. Ptacek and Timothy N. Newsham. 1998. Insertion, Evasion, and Denial of Service: Eluding Network Intrusion Detection. In Secure Networks, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","unstructured":"Ram Sundara Raman Leonid Evdokimov Eric Wustrow Alex Halderman and Roya Ensafi. 2019. Kazakhstan's HTTPS Interception. https:\/\/censoredplanet.org\/kazakhstan. (2019).  Ram Sundara Raman Leonid Evdokimov Eric Wustrow Alex Halderman and Roya Ensafi. 2019. Kazakhstan's HTTPS Interception. https:\/\/censoredplanet.org\/kazakhstan. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).","author":"Abbas Razaghpanah Fangfan Liand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fangfan Liand Abbas Razaghpanah , Arash Molavi Kakhki , Arian Akhavan Niaki , David Choffnes , Phillipa Gill , and Alan Mislove . 2017 . lib$cdot$erate, (n): A library for exposing (traffic-classification) rules and avoiding them efficiently . In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC). Fangfan Liand Abbas Razaghpanah, Arash Molavi Kakhki, Arian Akhavan Niaki, David Choffnes, Phillipa Gill, and Alan Mislove. 2017. lib$cdot$erate, (n): A library for exposing (traffic-classification) rules and avoiding them efficiently. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"Enemies of the Internet 2013 Report. https:\/\/surveillance.rsf.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/enemies-of-the-internet_2013.pdf. (March","author":"Borders Reporters Without","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reporters Without Borders . 2013. Enemies of the Internet 2013 Report. https:\/\/surveillance.rsf.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/enemies-of-the-internet_2013.pdf. (March 2013 ). Reporters Without Borders. 2013. Enemies of the Internet 2013 Report. https:\/\/surveillance.rsf.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/enemies-of-the-internet_2013.pdf. (March 2013)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"Signal. 2017. Egypt keeps trying to block Signal inadvertently blocking all of Google and having to stop as a result. We'll also expand domain fronts. https:\/\/twitter.com\/signalapp\/status\/817062093094604800. (2017).  Signal. 2017. Egypt keeps trying to block Signal inadvertently blocking all of Google and having to stop as a result. We'll also expand domain fronts. https:\/\/twitter.com\/signalapp\/status\/817062093094604800. (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45744-4_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2808138.2808141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC).","author":"Wang Zhongjie","unstructured":"Zhongjie Wang , Yue Cao , Zhiyun Qian , Chengyu Song , and Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy . 2017. Your State is Not Mine: A Closer Look at Evading Stateful Internet Censorship . In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC). Zhongjie Wang, Yue Cao, Zhiyun Qian, Chengyu Song, and Srikanth V. Krishnamurthy. 2017. Your State is Not Mine: A Closer Look at Evading Stateful Internet Censorship. In ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","unstructured":"Brandon Wiley. [n. d.]. Dust: A Blocking-Resistant Internet Transport Protocol. http:\/\/blanu.net\/Dust.pdf. ([n. d.]).  Brandon Wiley. [n. d.]. Dust: A Blocking-Resistant Internet Transport Protocol. http:\/\/blanu.net\/Dust.pdf. ([n. d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","unstructured":"Philipp Winter. 2012. brdgrd (Bridge Guard). https:\/\/github.com\/NullHypothesis\/brdgrd. (2012).  Philipp Winter. 2012. brdgrd (Bridge Guard). https:\/\/github.com\/NullHypothesis\/brdgrd. (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Crandall","author":"Winter Philipp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Philipp Winter and Jedidiah R . Crandall . 2012 . The Great Firewall of China: How It Blocks Tor and Why It Is Hard to Pinpoint . ;login:, Vol. 37 , 6 (2012), 42--50. Philipp Winter and Jedidiah R. Crandall. 2012. The Great Firewall of China: How It Blocks Tor and Why It Is Hard to Pinpoint. ;login:, Vol. 37, 6 (2012), 42--50."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Wustrow Eric","unstructured":"Eric Wustrow , Colleen M. Swanson , and J. Alex Halderman . 2014. TapDance: End-to-Middle Anticensorship without Flow Blocking . In USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Eric Wustrow, Colleen M. Swanson, and J. Alex Halderman. 2014. TapDance: End-to-Middle Anticensorship without Flow Blocking. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Telex: Anticensorship in the Network Infrastructure. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Wustrow Eric","unstructured":"Eric Wustrow , Scott Wolchok , Ian Goldberg , and J. Alex Halderman . 2011 . Telex: Anticensorship in the Network Infrastructure. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Eric Wustrow, Scott Wolchok, Ian Goldberg, and J. Alex Halderman. 2011. Telex: Anticensorship in the Network Infrastructure. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Passive and Active Network Measurement Workshop (PAM).","author":"Xu Xueyang","unstructured":"Xueyang Xu , Morley Mao , and J. Alex Halderman . 2011. Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur? . In Passive and Active Network Measurement Workshop (PAM). Xueyang Xu, Morley Mao, and J. Alex Halderman. 2011. Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur?. In Passive and Active Network Measurement Workshop (PAM)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3278532.3278555"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS).","author":"Zhou Wenxuan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wenxuan Zhou , Amir Houmansadr , Matthew Caesar , and Nikita Borisov . 2013 . SWEET: Serving the Web by Exploiting Email Tunnels . In Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS). Wenxuan Zhou, Amir Houmansadr, Matthew Caesar, and Nikita Borisov. 2013. SWEET: Serving the Web by Exploiting Email Tunnels. In Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium (PETS)."}],"event":{"name":"CCS '19: 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"London United Kingdom","acronym":"CCS '19","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3319535.3363189","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3319535.3363189","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3319535.3363189","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:44:32Z","timestamp":1750203872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3319535.3363189"}},"subtitle":["Evolving Censorship Evasion Strategies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3319535.3363189","10.1145\/3319535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3319535.3363189","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}