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ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            General-purpose processors (GPPs), which traditionally rely on a Von Neumann-based execution model, incur burdensome power overheads, largely due to the need to dynamically extract parallelism and maintain precise state. Further, it is extremely difficult to improve their performance without increasing energy usage. Decades-old\n            <jats:italic>explicit-dataflow<\/jats:italic>\n            architectures eliminate many Von Neumann overheads, but have not been successful as stand-alone alternatives because of poor performance on certain workloads, due to insufficient control speculation and communication overheads.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>We observe a synergy between out-of-order (OOO) and explicit-dataflow processors, whereby dynamically switching between them according to the behavior of program phases can greatly improve performance and energy efficiency. This work studies the potential of such a paradigm of heterogeneous execution models, by developing a specialization engine for explicit-dataflow (SEED) and integrating it with a standard out-of-order (OOO) core. When integrated with a dual-issue OOO, it becomes both faster (1.33x) and dramatically more energy efficient (1.70x). Integrated with an in-order core, it becomes faster than even a dual-issue OOO, with twice the energy efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3323923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T15:03:51Z","timestamp":1558451031000},"page":"83-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Heterogeneous Von Neumann\/dataflow microprocessors"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Tony","family":"Nowatzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA and University of Wisconsin - Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinay","family":"Gangadhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan","family":"Sankaralingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.48862"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPASS.2005.1430572"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2004.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1508244.1508246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2012.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"ASPLOS XIV Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems","author":"Gupta S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gupta , S. , Feng , S. , Ansari , A. , Mahlke , S. , August , D. Bundled execution of recurring traces for energy-efficient general purpose processing . In ASPLOS XIV Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems ( Washington, DC, USA, March 07--11 , 2009 ), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--12. Gupta, S., Feng, S., Ansari, A., Mahlke, S., August, D. Bundled execution of recurring traces for energy-efficient general purpose processing. In ASPLOS XIV Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (Washington, DC, USA, March 07--11, 2009), ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2014.6835968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"40th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S\\&P'19)","author":"Kocher P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kocher , P. , Horn , J. , Fogh , A. , Genkin , D. , Gruss , D. , Haas , W. , Hamburg , M. , Lipp , M. , Mangard , S. , Prescher , T. , Schwarz , M. , Yarom , Y. Spectre attacks : Exploiting speculative execution . In 40th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S\\&P'19) (IEEE Computer Society , 2019 ). Kocher, P., Horn, J., Fogh, A., Genkin, D., Gruss, D., Haas, W., Hamburg, M., Lipp, M., Mangard, S., Prescher, T., Schwarz, M., Yarom, Y. Spectre attacks: Exploiting speculative execution. In 40th IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S\\&P'19) (IEEE Computer Society, 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"MICRO 30 Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Microarchitecture (Research Triangle Park","author":"Lee C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee , C. , Potkonjak , M. , Mangione-Smith , W. MediaBench : A tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communications systems . In MICRO 30 Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Microarchitecture (Research Triangle Park , North Carolina, USA, December 01--03 , 1997 ), 330--335. Lee, C., Potkonjak, M., Mangione-Smith, W. MediaBench: A tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communications systems. In MICRO 30 Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Microarchitecture (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA, December 01--03, 1997), 330--335."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1669112.1669172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2005.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3079856.3080255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2016.7446051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCA.2015.2476801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872362.2872412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2491956.2462163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2540708.2540746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/325164.325117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"M. WaveScalar. In MICRO 36 Proceedings of the 36<sup>th<\/sup> Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (December 03--05","author":"Swanson S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Swanson , S. , Michelson , K. , Schwerin , A. , Oskin , M. WaveScalar. In MICRO 36 Proceedings of the 36<sup>th<\/sup> Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (December 03--05 , 2003 ), IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 291. Swanson, S., Michelson, K., Schwerin, A., Oskin, M. WaveScalar. In MICRO 36 Proceedings of the 36<sup>th<\/sup> Annual IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (December 03--05, 2003), IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 291."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1736020.1736044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2016.7446060"}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3323923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3323923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3323923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:12Z","timestamp":1750204452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3323923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3323923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3323923","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}