{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:56:32Z","timestamp":1772592992416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["648785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["648785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The notion of interaction is essential to human-computer interaction, yet rarely studied. We use quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate how this notion has been used across 35 years of proceedings from the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing (CHI). Using natural language processing, we extract 53,568 occurrences of the word \u201cinteraction\u201d across 4,604 papers. In these occurrences, we categorize 2,668 unique words that modify how \u201cinteraction\u201d is used in a sentence. We show that the use of \u201cinteraction\u201d is both increasing and diversifying, suggesting the importance of the notion, but also the difficulty in developing theory about interaction. Our findings show that styles of interaction are closely associated with changes in technology and that modalities and characteristics of interaction are becoming more of a topic than specific devices or widgets. Interaction qualities, relating to structure, feel, effectiveness, and efficiency, are consistently prominent, and the quality of novelty is increasingly frequent. From this analysis, we identify open questions about interaction, including how to build knowledge across changing technologies, how to work toward a model of quality for interaction, and what the core of a science of interaction could be.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3325285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:50:33Z","timestamp":1562071833000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["What Do We Mean by \u201cInteraction\u201d? An Analysis of 35 Years of CHI"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"Hornb\u00e6k","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1827-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aske","family":"Mottelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarrod","family":"Knibbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6360-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year","author":"Baecker Ronald M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ronald M. Baecker , Jonathan Grudin , William A. S. Buxton , and Saul Greenberg . 2014. A historical and intellectual perspective . In Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000 . Morgan Kaufmann , 35--48. Ronald M. Baecker, Jonathan Grudin, William A. S. Buxton, and Saul Greenberg. 2014. A historical and intellectual perspective. In Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000. Morgan Kaufmann, 35--48."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Bertelsen","author":"Bardram Jakob E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jakob E. Bardram and Olav W . Bertelsen . 1995 . Supporting the development of transparent interaction. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer , 79--90. Jakob E. Bardram and Olav W. Bertelsen. 1995. Supporting the development of transparent interaction. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, 79--90."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"What we talk about when we talk about interactivity: Empowerment in public discourse. New Media 8 Society 19, 7","author":"Barry Marguerite","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marguerite Barry and Gavin Doherty . 2017. What we talk about when we talk about interactivity: Empowerment in public discourse. New Media 8 Society 19, 7 ( 2017 ), 1052\u20131071. Marguerite Barry and Gavin Doherty. 2017. What we talk about when we talk about interactivity: Empowerment in public discourse. New Media 8 Society 19, 7 (2017), 1052\u20131071."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/989863.989865"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Contextual Design: Defining Customer-centered Systems","author":"Beyer Hugh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt . 1997 . Contextual Design: Defining Customer-centered Systems . Elsevier . Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt. 1997. Contextual Design: Defining Customer-centered Systems. Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3250921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702613.2732505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","author":"Blei David M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"David M. Blei , Andrew Y. Ng , and Michael I. Jordan . 2003 . Latent Dirichlet allocation . Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 ( March 2003), 993--1022. DOI:http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;944919.944937 David M. Blei, Andrew Y. Ng, and Michael I. Jordan. 2003. Latent Dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research 3 (March 2003), 993--1022. DOI:http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;944919.944937","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"The long nose of innovation","volume":"11","author":"Buxton Bill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bill Buxton . 2008 . The long nose of innovation . Business Week 11 (2008), 27 . Bill Buxton. 2008. The long nose of innovation. Business Week 11 (2008), 27.","journal-title":"Business Week"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwv001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871611413180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169068"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3001896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027063.3049285"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1013115.1013152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/32206.32212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800276.810967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1106274.1106282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonathan Grudin. 2017. From Tool to Partner: The Evolution of Human-computer Interaction. Morgan and Claypool.   Jonathan Grudin. 2017. From Tool to Partner: The Evolution of Human-computer Interaction. Morgan and Claypool.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-02218-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1855019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031607.1031707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025765"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858587"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1119355.1119383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2598827"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"ISO 9241-11. 1998. Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)--Part II Guidance on Usability.  ISO 9241-11. 1998. Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with Visual Display Terminals (VDTs)--Part II Guidance on Usability."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1746259.1746262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1520340.1520364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Interactivity: A concept explication. New Media 8 Society 4, 3","author":"Kiousis Spiro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiro Kiousis . 2002 . Interactivity: A concept explication. New Media 8 Society 4, 3 (2002), 355--383. Spiro Kiousis. 2002. Interactivity: A concept explication. New Media 8 Society 4, 3 (2002), 355--383."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2004.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518719"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2632086"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2556969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2002.10673685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Manning and Hinrich Sch\u00fctze","author":"Christopher","year":"1999","unstructured":"Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Sch\u00fctze . 1999 . Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing (1st ed.). MIT Press . Christopher D. Manning and Hinrich Sch\u00fctze. 1999. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing (1st ed.). MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124826"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1936652.1936680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Is This the Holy Grail of Gadgets? (January","author":"McArther Keith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keith McArther . 2007. Is This the Holy Grail of Gadgets? (January 2007 ). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/is-this-the-holy-grail-of-gadgets\/article676544\/. Keith McArther. 2007. Is This the Holy Grail of Gadgets? (January 2007). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/national\/is-this-the-holy-grail-of-gadgets\/article676544\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of EMNLP-04 and the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.","author":"Mihalcea R.","unstructured":"R. Mihalcea and P. Tarau . 2004. TextRank: Bringing order into texts . In Proceedings of EMNLP-04 and the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. R. Mihalcea and P. Tarau. 2004. TextRank: Bringing order into texts. In Proceedings of EMNLP-04 and the 2004 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/274430.274436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240819"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer","author":"Oliver Richard L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richard L. Oliver . 2010 . Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer ( 2 nd ed.). Routledge . Richard L. Oliver. 2010. Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer (2nd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14236\/ewic\/hci2014.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2578867"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1013115.1013153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ivs.2009.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7146\/aahcc.v1i1.21296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2430705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2017458.2017463"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2751314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Otte","author":"Vinkers Christiaan H.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christiaan H. Vinkers , Joeri K. Tijdink , and Willem M . Otte . 2015 . Use of positive and negative words in scientific PubMed abstracts between 1974 and 2014: Retrospective analysis. British Medical Journal 351 (2015). Christiaan H. Vinkers, Joeri K. Tijdink, and Willem M. Otte. 2015. Use of positive and negative words in scientific PubMed abstracts between 1974 and 2014: Retrospective analysis. British Medical Journal 351 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/253769.253801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Brave NUI World: Designing Natural User Interfaces for Touch and Gesture","author":"Wigdor Daniel","unstructured":"Daniel Wigdor and Dennis Wixon . 2011. Brave NUI World: Designing Natural User Interfaces for Touch and Gesture . Elsevier . Daniel Wigdor and Dennis Wixon. 2011. Brave NUI World: Designing Natural User Interfaces for Touch and Gesture. Elsevier."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124859"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3325285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3325285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:17Z","timestamp":1750204457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3325285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3325285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3325285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-0516","1557-7325"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-0516","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7325","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}