{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T09:21:47Z","timestamp":1776936107344,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"USC Graduate School and an Annenberg Doctoral Student Summer Research Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This study examines how people perceive artwork created by artificial intelligence (AI) and how presumed knowledge of an artist's identity (Human vs. AI) affects individuals\u2019 evaluation of art. Drawing on Schema theory and theory of Computers Are Social Actors (CASA), this study used a survey-experiment that controlled for the identity of the artist (AI vs. Human) and presented participants with two types of artworks (AI-created vs. Human-created). After seeing images of six artworks created by either AI or human artists, participants (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 288) were asked to evaluate the artistic value using a validated scale commonly employed among art professionals. The study found that human-created artworks and AI-created artworks were not judged to be equivalent in their artistic value. Additionally, knowing that a piece of art was created by AI did not, in general, influence participants\u2019 evaluation of art pieces\u2019 artistic value. However, having a schema that AI cannot make art significantly influenced evaluation. Implications of the findings for application and theory are discussed.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3326337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T13:17:14Z","timestamp":1563542234000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Artificial Intelligence, Artists, and Art"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Wha","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel Ming","family":"Curran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Robert L. Adams. 2017. 10 Powerful examples of artificial intelligence in use today. Forbes. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/robertadams\/2017\/01\/10\/10-powerful-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-in-use-today\/#658cdafc420d."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Why artificial intelligence is not an existential threat","volume":"22","author":"Shermer Michael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michael Shermer. 2017. Why artificial intelligence is not an existential threat. Skeptic 22, 2 (2017), 29.","journal-title":"Skeptic"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"What AlphaGo's sly move says about machine creativity","author":"McFarland Matt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matt McFarland. 2016. What AlphaGo's sly move says about machine creativity; Google's machine is leaving the smartest humans in the dust. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/innovations\/wp\/2016\/03\/15\/what-alphagos-sly-move-says-about-machine-creativity\/?utm_term=.e213e59a2038."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-016-0231-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14702029.2017.1292379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2011.539556"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The ethics of artificial intelligence","author":"Bostrom Nick","unstructured":"Nick Bostrom and Eliezer Yudkowsky. 2014. The ethics of artificial intelligence. In The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence. 316--334."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3680600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Samuel Gibbs. 2016. Google AI project writes poetry which could make a Vogon proud. The Guardian. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2016\/may\/17\/googles-ai-write-poetry-stark-dramatic-vogons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2006.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1353\/mos.2017.a663689","article-title":"Imitative identity, imitative art, and AI: Artificial intelligence","volume":"50","author":"Jackson Tony E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tony E. Jackson. 2017. Imitative identity, imitative art, and AI: Artificial intelligence. Mosaic Interdisc. Crit. J. 50, 2 (2017), 47--63.","journal-title":"Mosaic Interdisc. Crit. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit","author":"Turkle Sherry","unstructured":"Sherry Turkle. 2005. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(98)00055-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Research on digital art creation based on artificial intelligence","author":"Yu Yu.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu Yu. 2016. Research on digital art creation based on artificial intelligence. Revista Ib\u00e9rica De Sistemas E Tecnologias De Informa\u00e7\u00e3o 18B (2016), 116--126."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2017.01.089"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"CAN: Creative adversarial networks, generating \u201cArt","author":"Elgammal Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed Elgammal, Bingchen Liu, Mohamed Elhoseiny, and Marian Mazzone. 2017. CAN: Creative adversarial networks, generating \u201cArt\u201d by learning about styles and deviating from style norms. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1706.07068."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rebecca Chamberlain Caitlin Mullin Bram Scheerlinck and Johan Wagemans 2017. Putting the art in artificial: Aesthetic responses to computer-generated art. Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts.","DOI":"10.1037\/aca0000136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(81)90051-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750600690643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2007.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/arts7020018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365000027006001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"The Intentional Stance","author":"Dennett Daniel C.","unstructured":"Daniel C. Dennett. 1987. The Intentional Stance. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90022-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serena Marchesi Davide Ghiglino Francesca Ciardo Ebru Baykara and Agnieszka Wykowska. 2018. Do we adopt the intentional stance towards humanoid robots? Psyarxiv. Retrieved from https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/6smkq\/.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/6smkq"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1416950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094339"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Cade Metz. 2012. Google's Artificial Brain Is Pumping Out Trippy-And Pricey-Art. Wired. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2016\/02\/googles-artificial-intelligence-gets-first-art-show\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Intelligent Machines: AI art is taking on the experts. BBC.","author":"Wakefield Jane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jane Wakefield. 2015. Intelligent Machines: AI art is taking on the experts. BBC. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-33677271."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"DeepDream. n.d. Retrieved from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DeepDream."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00043125.2006.11651613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0365-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90063-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/leon.2006.39.2.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Meilan Solly. 2018. Christie's will be the first auction house to sell art made by artificial intelligence. In Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/smart-news\/christies-will-be-first-auction-house-sell-art-made-artificial-intelligence-180970086\/."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3326337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3326337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:53:18Z","timestamp":1750204398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3326337"}},"subtitle":["Attitudes Toward Artwork Produced by Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2s","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3326337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3326337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-6857","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}