{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:42:01Z","timestamp":1768624921587,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEOPAR NCE"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Data and Information Quality"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Curated, labeled, high-quality data is a valuable commodity for tasks such as business analytics and machine learning. Open data is a common source of such data\u2014for example, retail analytics draws on open demographic data, and weather forecast systems draw on open atmospheric and ocean data. Open data is released openly by governments to achieve various objectives, such as transparency, informing citizen engagement, or supporting private enterprise. Critical examination of ongoing social changes, including the post-truth phenomenon, suggests the quality, integrity, and authenticity of open data may be at risk. We introduce this risk through various lenses, describe some of the types of risk we expect using a threat model approach, identify approaches to mitigate each risk, and present real-world examples of cases where the risk has already caused harm. As an initial assessment of awareness of this disinformation risk, we compare our analysis to perspectives captured during open data stakeholder consultations in Canada.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3328747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T10:03:58Z","timestamp":1591178638000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing Disinformation Risk to Open Data in the Post-Truth Era"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Colborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2028-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","article-title":"Toronto \u2018guerrilla\u2019 archivists to help preserve US climate data","author":"News BBC","year":"2016","unstructured":"BBC News. 2016. Toronto \u2018guerrilla\u2019 archivists to help preserve US climate data. BBC News (December 15, 2016).","journal-title":"BBC News"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Many Public Documents Still Missing from White House Website. Retrieved","author":"Biryukov Nikita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nikita Biryukov. 2017. Many Public Documents Still Missing from White House Website. Retrieved March 2, 2018 from https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us-news\/many-public-documents-still-missing-white-house-website-n723916."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.2015.145052010021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/540520a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"A brief look at the history of the ferry service between Nova Scotia and Maine","author":"Press Canadian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canadian Press. 2015. A brief look at the history of the ferry service between Nova Scotia and Maine. Canadian Press (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Castro Daniel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Daniel Castro and Travis Korte. 2015. Open Data in the G8: A Review of Progress on the Open Data Charter. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from http:\/\/www.datainnovation.org\/2015\/03\/open-data-in-the-g8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"News CBC","year":"2014","unstructured":"CBC News. 2014. Experimental Lakes Area Research Station Officially Saved. Retrieved March 15, 2018 from http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/technology\/experimental-lakes-area-research-station-officially-saved-1.2594161."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Bureaucratic Autonomy as a Political Asset. Department of Political Science","author":"Christensen J\u00f8rgen Gr\u00f8nnegaard","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgen Gr\u00f8nnegaard Christensen. 1999. Bureaucratic Autonomy as a Political Asset. Department of Political Science, Aarhus University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"K. Cooper W. Funnell and J. Lee. 2012. Public Sector Accounting and Accountability in Australia. University of New South Wales Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Tim Davies. 2010. Open Data Democracy and Public Sector Reform: A Look at Open Government Data Use from data.gov.uk. Edited version of Master\u2019s dissertation available from http:\/\/practicalparticipation.co.uk\/odi\/report\/. University of Oxford."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10714420009359466"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Local Officials Question Open Data Directives Under Trump. Retrieved","author":"Douglas Theo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Theo Douglas. 2017. State, Local Officials Question Open Data Directives Under Trump. Retrieved April 24, 2018 from http:\/\/www.govtech.com\/data\/State-Local-Officials-Question-Open-Data-Directives-Under-Trump.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Accountability, transparency and citizen engagement in government financial reporting","volume":"64","author":"Fadairo Sikiru A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sikiru A. Fadairo, Rosemary Williams, and Evelyn Maggio. 2015. Accountability, transparency and citizen engagement in government financial reporting. Journal of Government Financial Management (Alexandria) 64, 1 (2015), 40--45. http:\/\/search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.dal.ca\/docview\/1711620148\/abstract\/489982A48C3A4A3FPQ\/39.","journal-title":"Journal of Government Financial Management (Alexandria)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Flinders. 2017. The Politics of Accountability in the Modern State. Taylor 8 Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315206950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Powers, Accountability and Oversight of Public Administration in a Democratic State. Paper prepared for the Building Democracy in Ukraine Project","author":"Graham Andrew","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrew Graham. 2006. The Legitimacy, Powers, Accountability and Oversight of Public Administration in a Democratic State. Paper prepared for the Building Democracy in Ukraine Project, Queens University. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from http:\/\/post.queensu.ca\/\u223cgrahama\/publications\/BASISOFPUBLICADMIN.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Why Did FEMA Remove Stats About Puerto Rico\u2019s Recovery? Retrieved","author":"Graham David","year":"2017","unstructured":"David Graham. 2017. Why Did FEMA Remove Stats About Puerto Rico\u2019s Recovery? Retrieved November 2, 2017 from https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2017\/10\/why-did-fema-remove-stats-about-puerto-ricos-recovery\/542343\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Canadian income data \u2018is garbage\u2019 without census, experts say","volume":"4","author":"Grant Tavia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tavia Grant. 2013. Canadian income data \u2018is garbage\u2019 without census, experts say. Globe and Mail. October 4, 2013. Retrieve May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/report-on-business\/economy\/without-census-data-on-canadian-income-garbage-experts\/article14701515\/.","journal-title":"Globe and Mail"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"The Dangers of a Post-Truth World","author":"Gross Michael","unstructured":"Michael Gross. 2017. The Dangers of a Post-Truth World. Elsevier. http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982216315159."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sais.2014.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","article-title":"Data Deleted from UN Climate Report Highlight Controversies","author":"Howard Brian Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brian Clark Howard. 2014. Data Deleted from UN Climate Report Highlight Controversies. National Geographic News. Retrieve May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2014\/07\/140703-ipcc-climate-report-deleted-data-global-warming-science\/.","journal-title":"National Geographic News. Retrieve"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-18762014000200008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Johnson Jenna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jenna Johnson. 2017. FEMA Removes\u2014Then Restores\u2014Statistics About Drinking Water Access and Electricity in Puerto Rico from Website. Washington Post (October 2017). Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-politics\/wp\/2017\/10\/05\/fema-removes-statistics-about-drinking-water-access-and-electricity-in-puerto-rico-from-website\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences","author":"Kitchin Rob","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin. 2014. The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"The threats to our products. Microsoft Interface","author":"Kohnfelder Loren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Loren Kohnfelder and Praerit Garg. 1999. The threats to our products. Microsoft Interface (1999)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"The Nation (November 30","author":"Kreitner Richard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richard Kreitner. 2016. Post-truth and its consequences: What a 25-year-old essay tells us about the current moment. The Nation (November 30, 2016). Retrieved May 18, 2020 rom http:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/post-truth-and-its-consequences-what-a-25-year-old-essay-tells-us-about-the-current-moment\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Application Delivery Strategies.","author":"Laney Doug","unstructured":"Doug Laney. 2001. 3D data management: Controlling data volume, velocity, and variety. In Application Delivery Strategies. Vol. 949. META Group Inc. (now Gartner)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0097700403261824"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dataverse network\u00ae: An open-source application for sharing, discovering and preserving data","volume":"17","author":"Magazine Lib","year":"2011","unstructured":"D-Lib Magazine. 2011. The dataverse network\u00ae: An open-source application for sharing, discovering and preserving data. D-Lib Magazine 17, 1--2 (2011).","journal-title":"D-Lib Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Government Watchdogs Criticize Trump\u2019s Removal of Open Data Sets. Retrieved","author":"Mauriello Tracie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tracie Mauriello. 2017. Government Watchdogs Criticize Trump\u2019s Removal of Open Data Sets. Retrieved March 2, 2018 from http:\/\/www.govtech.com\/data\/Government-Watchdogs-Criticize-Trumps-Removal-of-Open-Data-Sets.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/487271b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1060.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2380718.2380747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Orihel Diane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diane Orihel and David Schindler. 2014. Experimental Lakes Area is saved, but it\u2019s a bittersweet victory for science. Globe and Mail (April 1, 2014). Retrieved March 15, 2018 from https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/opinion\/experimental-lakes-area-is-saved-but-its-a-bittersweet-victory-for-science\/article17753956\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"The Conversation (August 31","author":"Pitman Andy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andy Pitman and Lisa Alexander. 2014. No, the Bureau of Meteorology is not fiddling its weather data. The Conversation (August 31, 2014). Retrieved May 18, 2020 from http:\/\/theconversation.com\/no-the-bureau-of-meteorology-is-not-fiddling-its-weather-data-31009."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/269012.269025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Michael Bliemel, Dean Irvine, Daniel Kelly, Stan Matwin, and Brad Wuetherick.","author":"Ridsdale Chantel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chantel Ridsdale, James Rothwell, Michael Smit, Hossam Ali Hassan, Michael Bliemel, Dean Irvine, Daniel Kelly, Stan Matwin, and Brad Wuetherick. 2015. Strategies and Best Practices for Data Literacy Education: Knowledge Synthesis Report. Technical Report. Dalhousie University. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10222\/64578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Why Open Data Doesn\u2019t Mean Open Government. Retrieved","author":"Ross Eleanor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eleanor Ross. 2015. Why Open Data Doesn\u2019t Mean Open Government. Retrieved March 7, 2018 from http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/media-network\/2015\/dec\/02\/china-russia-open-data-open-government"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2003.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Thomas Patrick Scanlon, and Carol Woody","author":"Shevchenko Nataliya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nataliya Shevchenko, Timothy A Chick, Paige O\u2019Riordan, Thomas Patrick Scanlon, and Carol Woody. 2018. Threat Modeling: A Summary of Available Methods. Technical Report. Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Modeling Security Workshop.","author":"Shostack Adam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adam Shostack. 2008. Experiences threat modeling at Microsoft. In Proceedings of the Modeling Security Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Guide to the Census of Population","author":"Canada Statistics","year":"2016","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2017. Guide to the Census of Population, 2016. Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 98-304-X2016001. Ottawa, Canada. Version updated January 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.322.5906.1316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12109-015-9420-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Winnipeg Free Press (May 12","author":"Thomas Paul G.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paul G. Thomas. 2017. What happened to the promise of \u2018open government\u2019? Winnipeg Free Press (May 12, 2017). Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/www.winnipegfreepress.com\/opinion\/analysis\/what-happened-to-the-promise-of-open-government-422070513.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Daniel Dale\u2019s trump fact checks. Toronto Star (October 5","author":"Star Toronto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toronto Star. 2017. Daniel Dale\u2019s trump fact checks. Toronto Star (October 5, 2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Canada Secretariat Treasury Board","year":"2015","unstructured":"Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 2015. Open Government Action Plan Consultation Data [Data Set]. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/74aa0e1a-8e13-4ddb-a31e-129c253a09b3."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Canada Secretariat Treasury Board","year":"2017","unstructured":"Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 2017. Open Government Consultation Data: Canada\u2019s Third Biennial Plan to the Open Government Partnership (2016-18) [Data Set]. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/8ef41d2e-9309-486a-9f9f-bfd11945a959."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Canada Secretariat Treasury Board","year":"2018","unstructured":"Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. 2018. Open Government Consultation Data: 2017-18. Retrieved May 18, 2020 from https:\/\/open.canada.ca\/data\/en\/dataset\/23ecac3f-2bcc-44fd-af82-cd405991cce2."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1511\/2017.124.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/240455.240479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1996.11518099"}],"container-title":["Journal of Data and Information Quality"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3328747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3328747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:01Z","timestamp":1750204441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3328747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3328747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328747","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-1955","1936-1963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-1955","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-1963","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}