{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:14:27Z","timestamp":1776770067768,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U54EB020404-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U54EB020404-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA033733,P20DA027844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA033733,P20DA027844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug addiction is a chronic brain-based disorder that affects a person's behavior and leads to an inability to control drug usage. Ubiquitous physiological sensing technologies to detect illicit drug use have been well studied and understood for different types of drugs. However, we currently lack the ability to continuously and passively measure the user state in ways that might shed light on the complex relationships between cocaine-induced subjective states (e.g., craving and euphoria) and compulsive drug-seeking behavior. More specifically, the applicability of wearable sensors to detect drug-related states is underexplored. In the current work, we take an initial step in the modeling of cocaine craving, euphoria and drug-seeking behavior using electrocardiographic (ECG) and respiratory signals unobtrusively collected from a wearable chest band. Ten experienced cocaine users were studied using a human laboratory paradigm of self-regulated (i.e., \"binge\") cocaine administration, during which self-reported visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of cocaine-induced subjective effects (i.e., craving and euphoria) and behavioral measures of drug-seeking behavior (i.e., button clicks for drug infusions) are collected. Our results are encouraging and show that self-reported VAS Craving scores are predicted with a normalized root-mean-squared error (NRMSE) of 17.6% and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.49. Similarly, for VAS Euphoria prediction, an NRMSE of 16.7% and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.73 were achieved. We further analyze the relative importance of different morphology-related ECG and respiratory features for craving and euphoria prediction. Demographic factor analysis reveals how one single factor (i.e., average dollar ($) per cocaine use) can help to further boost the performance of our craving and euphoria models. Lastly, we model drug-seeking behavior using cardiac and respiratory signals. Specifically, we demonstrate that the latter signals can predict participant button clicks with an F1 score of 0.80 and estimate different levels of click density with a correlation coefficient of 0.85 and an NRMSE of 17.9%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3328917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T13:45:01Z","timestamp":1561383901000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["On-body Sensing of Cocaine Craving, Euphoria and Drug-Seeking Behavior Using Cardiac and Respiratory Signals"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Bhanu Teja","family":"Gullapalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Annamalai","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Research, Cambridge, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Gustavo A.","family":"Angarita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Malison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Tauhidur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2012. Equivital LifeMonitor. (2012). http:\/\/www.equivital.com\/assets\/common\/SEM_Data_Sheet_General_HIDA3330-DSG-02.2_.2_.pdf.  2012. Equivital LifeMonitor. (2012). http:\/\/www.equivital.com\/assets\/common\/SEM_Data_Sheet_General_HIDA3330-DSG-02.2_.2_.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"2015. Hexoskin Smart Garment. (2015). https:\/\/www.hexoskin.com\/.  2015. Hexoskin Smart Garment. (2015). https:\/\/www.hexoskin.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"2015. Zephyr Bioharness 3. (14 Oct. 2015). https:\/\/www.zephyranywhere.com\/media\/download\/bioharness3-user-manual.pdf.  2015. Zephyr Bioharness 3. (14 Oct. 2015). https:\/\/www.zephyranywhere.com\/media\/download\/bioharness3-user-manual.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185677.2185741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1988.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Using a mobile health application to reduce alcohol consumption: a mixed-methods evaluation of the drinkaware track & calculate units application. BMC public health 17, 1","author":"Attwood Sophie","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2017.7983278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00371-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0200-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0439-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: treatment and public policy ramifications. Nature neuroscience 8, 11","author":"Dackis Charles","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Eddie Chrys Kim Paul Lehrer Erin Deneke and Marsha E Bates. 2014. A pilot study of brief heart rate variability biofeedback to reduce craving in young adult men receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 39 3-4 (2014) 181--192.  David Eddie Chrys Kim Paul Lehrer Erin Deneke and Marsha E Bates. 2014. A pilot study of brief heart rate variability biofeedback to reduce craving in young adult men receiving inpatient treatment for substance use disorders. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback 39 3-4 (2014) 181--192.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-014-9251-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012487302797"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140290017004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2602339.2602348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2807526"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends statistics. {n. d.}. ({n. d.}). https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends-statistics  https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends statistics. {n. d.}. ({n. d.}). https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends-statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the'dark side'of drug addiction. Nature neuroscience 8, 11","author":"Koob George F","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers. British journal of addiction 82, 1","author":"Kozlowski Lynn T","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5560598"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(200001)43:1<45::AID-MRM6>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2370216.2370270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Central amygdala ERK signaling pathway is critical to incubation of cocaine craving. Nature neuroscience 8, 2","author":"Lu Lin","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Automatic Detection of Opioid Intake Using Wearable Biosensor. In 2018 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC). IEEE, 784--788","author":"Mahmud Md Shaad","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000292489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00146-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Psychopharmacology: Drugs, the brain, and behavior","author":"Meyer Jerrold S","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2649387.2649414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00135-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual young adults: An ecological momentary assessment study. Drug and alcohol dependence 192","author":"Nguyen Nhung","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"cocaine and cocaethylene plasma concentrations and their relationship to subjective and cardiovascular effects. Life sciences 51, 8","author":"Perez-Reyes Mario","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"R Mark Wightman, and Regina M Carelli.","author":"Phillips Paul EM","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2015.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050898"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Imaging stress-and cue-induced drug and alcohol craving: association with relapse and clinical implications. Drug and alcohol review 26, 1","author":"Sinha Rajita","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-2192-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2016.7501676"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(97)00205-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Science 305, 5686","author":"Vanderschuren Louk JMJ","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1544-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s140713256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2638728.2638847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858185"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3328917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3328917","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:40Z","timestamp":1750204480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3328917"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3328917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328917","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}