{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T21:09:53Z","timestamp":1777583393031,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the challenges in the field of haptics is to provide meaningful and realistic sensations to users. While most real world tactile sensations are composed of multiple dimensions, most commercial product only include vibration as it is the most cost effective solution. To improve on this, we introduce VPS (Vibration, Pressure, Shear) display, a multi-dimensional tactile array that increases information transfer by combining Vibration, Pressure, and Shear similar to how RGB LED combines red, blue, and green to create new colors. We characterize the device performance and dynamics for each tactile dimension in terms of its force and displacement profiles, and evaluate information transfer of the VPS display through a stimulus identification task. Our results indicate that the information transfer through a single taxel increases from 0.56 bits to 2.15 bits when pressure and shear are added to vibrations with a slight decrease in identification accuracy. We also explored the pleasantness and continuity of VPS and the study results reveal that tactile strokes in shear mode alone are rated highest on perceived pleasantness and continuity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3328922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T13:45:01Z","timestamp":1561383901000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["VPS Tactile Display"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Lawrence H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facebook, Inc. Menlo Park, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Follmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Israr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facebook, Inc. Menlo Park, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS.2014.6775480"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2010.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"The uncanny valley of haptics. Science Robotics 3, 17","author":"Berger Christopher C","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fifth conference on Australasian user interface-Volume 28","author":"Brewster Stephen","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1999.769991"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"Jacob Cohen. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences.  Jacob Cohen. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","volume-title":"Elements of information theory","author":"Cover Thomas M"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS.2018.8357149"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Improving Perception Accuracy with Multi-sensory Haptic Cue Delivery. In International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications. Springer, 289--301","author":"Dunkelberger Nathan","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00628.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2010.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32796-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2013.6548410"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42324-1_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702459"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3188546"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979235"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702613.2732814"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858264"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2988384"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474604774048199"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2009.2013944"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300918"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-016-0234-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984583"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans. Nature neuroscience 12, 5","author":"L\u00f6ken Line S","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers","author":"Miles Jeremy"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1278280.1278289"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173832"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"Tasbi: Multisensory Squeeze and Vibrotactile Wrist Haptics for Augmented and Virtual Reality. In World Haptics Conference (WHC). IEEE.","author":"Pezent Evan","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/964696.964721"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/571985.571993"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Sensory substitution and augmentation using 3-degree-of-freedom skin deformation feedback","author":"Quek Zhan Fan","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"Juan Sebastian Martinez","author":"Reed Charlotte M","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070481.2070513"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173706"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2019.8816105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025759"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ISAC.","author":"Summers Ian R","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519231112"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2009.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"Perception via the sense of touch. Tactile aids for the hearing impaired","author":"Verrillo Ronald T","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173660"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC.2007.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983310.2985746"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-011-0126-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173966"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771886"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3328922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3328922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:54:40Z","timestamp":1750204480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3328922"}},"subtitle":["Tactile Information Transfer of Vibration, Pressure, and Shear"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3328922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3328922","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}