{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:21:48Z","timestamp":1774585308801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"EICS","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006595","name":"Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P3-3.1-PM-RO-CN-2018-0032 (3BM\/2018)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P3-3.1-PM-RO-CN-2018-0032 (3BM\/2018)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present SAPIENS, a software architecture designed to support engineering of interactive systems featuring peripheral interaction in the context of smart environments. SAPIENS introduces dedicated components for user and device tracking, attention detection, priority management for devices, tasks, and notifications, context-awareness inference, user interruptibility prediction, and device interchangeability that can be instantiated at will according to the needs of the application. To implement these components effectively, SAPIENS employs event-based processing by reusing the core engine of a recently introduced software architecture, Euphoria (Schipor et al., 2019), that was specifically designed for engineering interactions in smart environments with heterogeneous I\/O devices, and relies entirely on web standards, protocols, and open data-interchange formats, such as JavaScript, WebSockets, HTTP, and JSON. This inheritance makes SAPIENS flexible and adaptable to support implementation of diverse application scenarios for peripheral interaction and for a wide variety of smart environments, devices, platforms, data formats, and contexts of use. We present our design criteria for SAPIENS regarding (1) event handling techniques, (2) quality, (3) contextual, and (4) attention-related properties, and describe its components and dataflows that make SAPIENS a specialized software architecture for peripheral interaction scenarios. We also demonstrate SAPIENS with a practical application, inspired and adapted from Bakker's (2013) classical example for peripheral interaction, for which we provide an online simulation tool that researchers and practitioners can readily use to consult actual JavaScript code implementing the inner logic of selected components of our architecture as well as to observe live JSON messages exchanged by the various components of SAPIENS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3331153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T12:36:28Z","timestamp":1560515788000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["SAPIENS"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Ovidiu-Andrei","family":"Schipor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University \u015etefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radu-Daniel","family":"Vatavu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University \u015etefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647985.743843"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2012.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892524"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2021081.2021083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Ambient Intelligence: The Confluence of Ubiquitous\/Pervasive Computing and Artificial Intelligence","author":"Augusto Juan Carlos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Juan Carlos Augusto . 2007 . Ambient Intelligence: The Confluence of Ubiquitous\/Pervasive Computing and Artificial Intelligence . Springer , London . Juan Carlos Augusto. 2007. Ambient Intelligence: The Confluence of Ubiquitous\/Pervasive Computing and Artificial Intelligence .Springer, London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan Carlos Augusto H. Nakashima and H. Aghajan. 2010. Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments: A State of the Art .Springer Science & Business Media.  Juan Carlos Augusto H. Nakashima and H. Aghajan. 2010. Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments: A State of the Art .Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-93808-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Design for peripheral interaction","author":"Bakker Saskia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saskia Bakker . 2013. Design for peripheral interaction . Eindhoven University of Technology ( 2013 ). http:\/\/www.saskiabakker.com\/PhDthesis_SaskiaBakker.pdf Saskia Bakker. 2013. Design for peripheral interaction. Eindhoven University of Technology (2013). http:\/\/www.saskiabakker.com\/PhDthesis_SaskiaBakker.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29523-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-014-0775-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interaction-attention continuum: considering various levels of human attention in interaction design","volume":"10","author":"Bakker Saskia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saskia Bakker and Karin Niemantsverdriet . 2016 . The interaction-attention continuum: considering various levels of human attention in interaction design . International Journal of Design , Vol. 10 , 2 (2016), 1 -- 14 . http:\/\/ijdesign.org\/index.php\/IJDesign\/article\/view\/2341\/737 Saskia Bakker and Karin Niemantsverdriet. 2016. The interaction-attention continuum: considering various levels of human attention in interaction design. International Journal of Design, Vol. 10, 2 (2016), 1--14. http:\/\/ijdesign.org\/index.php\/IJDesign\/article\/view\/2341\/737","journal-title":"International Journal of Design"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460625.2460634"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction (TEI '12)","author":"Bakker Saskia","unstructured":"Saskia Bakker , Elise van den Hoven, Berry Eggen, and Kees Overbeeke. 2012. Exploring Peripheral Interaction Design for Primary School Teachers . In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction (TEI '12) . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 245--252. Saskia Bakker, Elise van den Hoven, Berry Eggen, and Kees Overbeeke. 2012. Exploring Peripheral Interaction Design for Primary School Teachers. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction (TEI '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 245--252."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2010.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"John N.A. Brown. 2014. Unifying interaction across distributed controls in a smart environment using anthropology-based computing to make human-computer interaction \"Calm\". (2014).  John N.A. Brown. 2014. Unifying interaction across distributed controls in a smart environment using anthropology-based computing to make human-computer interaction \"Calm\". (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173848"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1036248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007790170019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1244002.1244345"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2016.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.274999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2592315.2592675"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196709.3196741"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2836041.2836073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Karam","author":"Gide Milind S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Milind S. Gide and Lina J . Karam . 2017 . Computational Visual Attention Models. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing , Vol. 10 , 4 (2017), 347--427. Milind S. Gide and Lina J. Karam. 2017. Computational Visual Attention Models. Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing, Vol. 10, 4 (2017), 347--427."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","series-title":"Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments","volume-title":"Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation. 183--211.","author":"Giroux Sylvain","unstructured":"Sylvain Giroux , Tatjana Leblanc , Abdenour Bouzouane , Bruno Bouchard , H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Pigot , and J\u00e9r\u00e9my Bauchet . 2009. The Praxis of Cognitive Assistance in Smart Homes . In Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments , volume 3 : Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation. 183--211. Sylvain Giroux, Tatjana Leblanc, Abdenour Bouzouane, Bruno Bouchard, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Pigot, and J\u00e9r\u00e9my Bauchet. 2009. The Praxis of Cognitive Assistance in Smart Homes. In Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, volume 3: Behaviour Monitoring and Interpretation. 183--211."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","article-title":"Smart objects as components of ubicomp applications","volume":"4","author":"Goumopoulos Christos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Christos Goumopoulos , Achilles Kameas , and Patras Hellas . 2009 . Smart objects as components of ubicomp applications . International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering , Vol. 4 , 3 (2009). http:\/\/www.sersc.org\/journals\/IJMUE\/vol4_no3_2009\/1.pdf Christos Goumopoulos, Achilles Kameas, and Patras Hellas. 2009. Smart objects as components of ubicomp applications. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Vol. 4, 3 (2009). http:\/\/www.sersc.org\/journals\/IJMUE\/vol4_no3_2009\/1.pdf","journal-title":"International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1897239.1897250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Human Communication Research","volume":"31","author":"Hawkins Robert P.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robert P. Hawkins , Suzanne Pingree , Jacqueline Hitchon , Barry Radler , Bradley W. Gorham , Leeann Kahlor , Eilleen Gilligan , Ronald C. Serlin , Toni Schmidt , Prathana Kannaovakun , and Gudbjorg Hildur Kolbeins . 2006 . What Produces Television Attention and Attention Style ? Human Communication Research , Vol. 31 , 1 (2006). Robert P. Hawkins, Suzanne Pingree, Jacqueline Hitchon, Barry Radler, Bradley W. Gorham, Leeann Kahlor, Eilleen Gilligan, Ronald C. Serlin, Toni Schmidt, Prathana Kannaovakun, and Gudbjorg Hildur Kolbeins. 2006. What Produces Television Attention and Attention Style? Human Communication Research, Vol. 31, 1 (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-015-0893-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371664.2371676"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Vicon Motion Systems Limited. 2019. Vicon Motion Capture. https:\/\/www.vicon.com\/  Vicon Motion Systems Limited. 2019. Vicon Motion Capture. https:\/\/www.vicon.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7010512"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170511131824\/http:\/\/ringzero.logbar.jp\/ Retrieved","author":"Ring ZERO","year":"2019","unstructured":"Logbar. 2015. Ring ZERO | Shortcut anything. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170511131824\/http:\/\/ringzero.logbar.jp\/ Retrieved April 18, 2019 from Logbar. 2015. Ring ZERO | Shortcut anything. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170511131824\/http:\/\/ringzero.logbar.jp\/ Retrieved April 18, 2019 from"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IET International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE '06)","volume":"2","author":"Maisonnasse J.","unstructured":"J. Maisonnasse , N. Gourier , O. Brdiczka , P. Reignier , and J. L. Crowley . 2006. Detecting privacy in attention aware system . In Proceedings of the 2nd IET International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE '06) , Vol. 2 . 231--239. J. Maisonnasse, N. Gourier, O. Brdiczka, P. Reignier, and J. L. Crowley. 2006. Detecting privacy in attention aware system. In Proceedings of the 2nd IET International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE '06), Vol. 2. 231--239."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3277593.3277606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.566147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2047196.2047238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2017. Kinect for Windows 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8. Skeleton Class. https:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/microsoft.kinect.skeleton.aspx  Microsoft. 2017. Kinect for Windows 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8. Skeleton Class. https:\/\/msdn.microsoft.com\/en-us\/library\/microsoft.kinect.skeleton.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2017.04003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2396636.2396651"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","unstructured":"MyGaze. 2019. myGaze eye tracker. http:\/\/www.mygaze.com\/products\/mygaze-eye-tracker\/  MyGaze. 2019. myGaze eye tracker. http:\/\/www.mygaze.com\/products\/mygaze-eye-tracker\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-0925-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2607023.2607024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Getting started with your Myo armband. https:\/\/support.getmyo.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/203398347-Getting-started-with-your-Myo-armband Retrieved","year":"2019","unstructured":"North. 2019. Getting started with your Myo armband. https:\/\/support.getmyo.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/203398347-Getting-started-with-your-Myo-armband Retrieved April 18, 2019 from North. 2019. Getting started with your Myo armband. https:\/\/support.getmyo.com\/hc\/en-us\/articles\/203398347-Getting-started-with-your-Myo-armband Retrieved April 18, 2019 from"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-012-1228-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-011-0917-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Workshop Multi-Device Interfaces for Ubiquitous Peripheral Interaction.","author":"Schaefer Robbie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robbie Schaefer and Wolfgang Mueller . 2003 . Multimodal interactive user interfaces for mobile multi-device environments . In Workshop Multi-Device Interfaces for Ubiquitous Peripheral Interaction. Robbie Schaefer and Wolfgang Mueller. 2003. Multimodal interactive user interfaces for mobile multi-device environments. In Workshop Multi-Device Interfaces for Ubiquitous Peripheral Interaction."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPED.2011.5940727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4316\/aece.2012.02008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2011.10.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2018.2873856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2817721.2817750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Stack Overflow Developer Survey","year":"2018","unstructured":"StackOverflow. 2018. Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2018 . https:\/\/insights.stackoverflow.com\/survey\/2018#technology-programming-languages StackOverflow. 2018. Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2018. https:\/\/insights.stackoverflow.com\/survey\/2018#technology-programming-languages"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4316\/aece.2008.02011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/503376.503448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3095810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-010-0674-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2325616.2325626"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-012-1140-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2745197.2745207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2017.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2602299.2602316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Peripheral Interaction","author":"Vermeulen Jo","unstructured":"Jo Vermeulen , Steven Houben , and Nicolai Marquardt . 2016. Fluent Transitions Between Focused and Peripheral Interaction in Proxemic Interactions . In Peripheral Interaction . Springer , 137--163. Jo Vermeulen, Steven Houben, and Nicolai Marquardt. 2016. Fluent Transitions Between Focused and Peripheral Interaction in Proxemic Interactions. In Peripheral Interaction. Springer, 137--163."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029632.1029656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2016.1150443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.28-9-2015.2261470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307798.2307801"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/329124.329126"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Beyond calculation","author":"Weiser Mark","unstructured":"Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown . 1997. The coming age of calm technology . In Beyond calculation . Springer , 75--85. Mark Weiser and John Seely Brown. 1997. The coming age of calm technology. In Beyond calculation. Springer, 75--85."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518866"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3331153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3331153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:26:07Z","timestamp":1750206367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3331153"}},"subtitle":["Towards Software Architecture to Support Peripheral Interaction in Smart Environments"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"EICS","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3331153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3331153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-06-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}