{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T21:14:52Z","timestamp":1777583692943,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":72,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331252","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T13:40:26Z","timestamp":1563543626000},"page":"105-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Answering Complex Questions by Joining Multi-Document Evidence with Quasi Knowledge Graphs"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"}]},{"given":"Soumajit","family":"Pramanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Rishiraj","family":"Saha Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Abdalghani","family":"Abujabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amazon Alexa, Aachen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Yafang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ant Financial Services Group, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Weikum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Abujabal M. Yahya M. Riedewald and G. Weikum. 2017. Automated template generation for question answering over knowledge graphs. In WWW. 10.1145\/3038912.3052583","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Overview of the TREC 2015 LiveQA Track. In TREC.","author":"Agichtein E.","unstructured":"E. Agichtein, D. Carmel, D. Pelleg, Y. Pinter, and D. Harman. 2015. Overview of the TREC 2015 LiveQA Track. In TREC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Angeli M. J. J. Premkumar and C. D. Manning. 2015. Leveraging linguistic structure for open domain information extraction. In ACL.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Auer C. Bizer G. Kobilarov J. Lehmann R. Cyganiak and Z. Ives. 2007. DBpedia: A nucleus for a Web of open data. In The Semantic Web. Springer.","DOI":"10.5555\/1785162.1785216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"J. Bao N. Duan Z. Yan M. Zhou and T. Zhao. 2016. Constraint-Based Question Answering with Knowledge Graph. In COLING."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Bast and E. Haussmann. 2015. More accurate question answering on Freebase. In CIKM. 10.1145\/2806416.2806472","DOI":"10.1145\/2806416.2806472"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Berant A. Chou R. Frostig and P. Liang. 2013. Semantic Parsing on Freebase from Question-Answer Pairs. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D13-1160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. Bhalotia A. Hulgeri C. Nakhe S. Chakrabarti and S. Sudarshan. 2002. Keyword searching and browsing in databases using BANKS. In ICDE.","DOI":"10.5555\/876875.879034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1376616.1376746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume":"201","author":"Bordes A.","unstructured":"A. Bordes, N. Usunier, S. Chopra, and J. Weston. 2015. Large-scale simple question answering with memory networks. In arXiv.","journal-title":"J. Weston."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","unstructured":"Q. Cai and A. Yates. 2013. Large-scale Semantic Parsing via Schema Matching and Lexicon Extension. In ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Chen A. Fisch J. Weston and A. Bordes. 2017. Reading Wikipedia to Answer Open-Domain Questions. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Coffman and A. C. Weaver. 2014. An empirical performance evaluation of relational keyword search techniques. In TKDE. 10.1109\/TKDE.2012.228","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2012.228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Del Corro and R. Gemulla. 2013. ClausIE: Clause-based open information extraction. In WWW. 10.1145\/2488388.2488420","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Das M. Zaheer S. Reddy and A. McCallum. 2017. Question Answering on Knowledge Bases and Text using Universal Schema and Memory Networks. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Dehghani H. Azarbonyad J. Kamps and M. de Rijke. 2019. Learning to Transform Combine and Reason in Open-Domain Question Answering. In WSDM. 10.1145\/3289600.3291012","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3291012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv","author":"Devlin J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"J. Devlin, M.-W. Chang, K. Lee, and K. Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-017-1100-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"TREC CAR: A Data Set for Complex Answer Retrieval. In TREC.","author":"Dietz L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"L. Dietz and B. Gamari. 2017. TREC CAR: A Data Set for Complex Answer Retrieval. In TREC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Ding J. X. Yu S. Wang L. Qin X. Zhang and X. Lin. 2007. Finding top-k min-cost connected trees in databases. In ICDE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2007.367929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Dong F. Wei M. Zhou and K. Xu. 2015. Question Answering over Freebase with Multi-Column Convolutional Neural Networks. In ACL.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. G. Downey and M. R. Fellows. 2013. Fundamentals of Parameterized Complexity. Springer.","DOI":"10.5555\/2568438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"A. Fader L. Zettlemoyer and O. Etzioni. 2013. Paraphrase-driven learning for open question answering. In ACL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Fader L. Zettlemoyer and O. Etzioni. 2014. Open question answering over curated and extracted knowledge bases. In KDD. 10.1145\/2623330.2623677","DOI":"10.1145\/2623330.2623677"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","volume-title":"IBM Journal Special Issue on IBM Watson","volume":"56","author":"Ferrucci D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"D. Ferrucci et al. 2012. This is Watson. IBM Journal Special Issue on IBM Watson, Vol. 56, 3 (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jagm.2000.1096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Gashteovski R. Gemulla and L. Del Corro. 2017. MinIE: Minimizing Facts in Open Information Extraction. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"POLY: Mining Relational Paraphrases from Multilingual Sentences. In EMNLP.","author":"Grycner A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Grycner and G. Weikum. 2016. POLY: Mining Relational Paraphrases from Multilingual Sentences. In EMNLP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ido Guy. 2018. The Characteristics of Voice Search: Comparing Spoken with Typed-in Mobile Web Search Queries. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (2018). 10.1145\/3182163","DOI":"10.1145\/3182163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. A. Hearst. 1992. Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms from Large Text Corpora. In COLING. 10.3115\/992133.992154","DOI":"10.3115\/992133.992154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Hoffart M. A. Yosef I. Bordino H. F\u00fcrstenau M. Pinkal M. Spaniol B. Taneva S. Thater and G. Weikum. 2011. Robust disambiguation of named entities in text. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.5555\/2145432.2145521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Trans. on Know. and Data Eng.","volume":"30","author":"Hu S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Hu, L. Zou, J. X. Yu, H. Wang, and D. Zhao. 2018. Answering Natural Language Questions by Subgraph Matching over Knowledge Graphs. Trans. on Know. and Data Eng., Vol. 30, 5 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Iyyer J. L. Boyd-Graber L. M. B. Claudino R. Socher and H. Daum\u00e9 III. 2014. A Neural Network for Factoid Question Answering over Paragraphs. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Joshi E. Choi D. S. Weld and L. Zettlemoyer. 2017. TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Joshi U. Sawant and S. Chakrabarti. 2014. Knowledge graph and corpus driven segmentation and answer inference for telegraphic entity-seeking queries. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. Kacholia S. Pandit S. Chakrabarti S. Sudarshan R. Desai and H. Karambelkar. 2005. Bidirectional expansion for keyword search on graph databases. In VLDB.","DOI":"10.5555\/1083592.1083652"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Kadry and L. Dietz. 2017. Open Relation Extraction for Support Passage Retrieval: Merit and Open Issues. In SIGIR. 10.1145\/3077136.3080744","DOI":"10.1145\/3077136.3080744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2009.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Khot A. Sabharwal and P. Clark. 2017. Answering complex questions using open information extraction. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Kwok O. Etzioni and D. S. Weld. 2001. Scaling Question Answering to the Web. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. (2001). 10.1145\/502115.502117","DOI":"10.1145\/502115.502117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Li L. Qin J. X. Yu and R. Mao. 2016. Efficient and progressive group steiner tree search. In SIGMOD. 10.1145\/2882903.2915217","DOI":"10.1145\/2882903.2915217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Lin H. Ji Z. Liu and M. Sun. 2018. Denoising distantly supervised open-domain question answering. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Manning M. Surdeanu J. Bauer J. Finkel S. Bethard and D. McClosky. 2014. The Stanford CoreNLP natural language processing toolkit. In ACL.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-5010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mausam. 2016. Open information extraction systems and downstream applications. In IJCAI.","DOI":"10.5555\/3061053.3061220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2999792.2999959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Pavlick P. Rastogi J. Ganitkevitch B. Van Durme and C. Callison-Burch. 2015. PPDB 2.0: Better paraphrase ranking fine-grained entailment relations word embeddings and style classification. In ACL.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-2070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Pennington R. Socher and C. D. Manning. 2014. GloVe: Global Vectors for Word Representation. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Rajpurkar J. Zhang K. Lopyrev and P. Liang. 2016. SQuAD: 100 000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Ravichandran and E. Hovy. 2002. Learning Surface Text Patterns for a Question Answering System. In ACL. 10.3115\/1073083.1073092","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Savenkov and E. Agichtein. 2016. When a knowledge base is not enough: Question answering over knowledge bases with external text data. In SIGIR. 10.1145\/2911451.2911536","DOI":"10.1145\/2911451.2911536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"U. Sawant and S. Chakrabarti. 2013. Learning joint query interpretation and response ranking. In WWW. 10.1145\/2488388.2488484","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","unstructured":"V. I. Spitkovsky and A. X. Chang. 2012. A Cross-Lingual Dictionary for English Wikipedia Concepts. In LREC. 3168--3175."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1242572.1242667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Sun B. Dhingra M. Zaheer K. Mazaitis R. Salakhutdinov and W. W. Cohen. 2018. Open domain question answering using early fusion of knowledge bases and text. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Sun H. Ma W. Yih C. Tsai J. Liu and M. Chang. 2015. Open domain question answering via semantic enrichment. In WWW. 10.1145\/2736277.2741651","DOI":"10.1145\/2736277.2741651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","volume":"201","author":"Talmor A.","unstructured":"A. Talmor and J. Berant. 2018. The Web as a Knowledge-base for Answering Complex Questions. In NAACL-HLT.","journal-title":"J. Berant."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2785283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Unger L. B\u00fchmann J. Lehmann A. N. Ngomo D. Gerber and P. Cimiano. 2012. Template-based question answering over RDF data. In WWW. 10.1145\/2187836.2187923","DOI":"10.1145\/2187836.2187923"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Unger A. Freitas and P. Cimiano. 2014. An Introduction to Question Answering over Linked Data. In Reasoning Web.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10587-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_60_1","volume-title":"Proc. SemWebEval.","author":"Usbeck R.","unstructured":"R. Usbeck, A. N. Ngomo, B. Haarmann, A. Krithara, M. R\u00f6der, and G. Napolitano. 2017. 7th Open Challenge on Question Answering over Linked Data (QALD-7). In Proc. SemWebEval."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. M. Voorhees. 2014. The Effect of Sampling Strategy on Inferred Measures. In SIGIR. 10.1145\/2600428.2609524","DOI":"10.1145\/2600428.2609524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1121636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2629489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. W. White M. Richardson and W. T. Yih. 2015. Questions vs. queries in informational search tasks. In WWW. 135--136. 10.1145\/2740908.2742769","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_65_1","unstructured":"J. Wieting M. Bansal K. Gimpel and K. Livescu. 2016. Towards universal paraphrastic sentence embeddings. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Xu S. Reddy Y. Feng S. Huang and D. Zhao. 2016. Question answering on freebase via relation extraction and textual evidence. In ACL.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Yahya K. Berberich S. Elbassuoni M. Ramanath V. Tresp and G. Weikum. 2012. Natural Language Questions for the Web of Data. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.5555\/2390948.2390995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Yahya S. Whang R. Gupta and A. Halevy. 2014. ReNoun: Fact extraction for nominal attributes. In EMNLP.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_69_1","volume":"201","author":"Yih W.","unstructured":"W. Yih, M. Chang, X. He, and J. Gao. 2015. Semantic Parsing via Staged Query Graph Generation: Question Answering with Knowledge Base. In ACL.","journal-title":"J. Gao."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P. Yin N. Duan B. Kao J. Bao and M. Zhou. 2015. Answering Questions with Complex Semantic Constraints on Open Knowledge Bases. In CIKM. 10.1145\/2806416.2806542","DOI":"10.1145\/2806416.2806542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. X. Yu L. Qin and L. Chang. 2009. Keyword Search in Databases. Morgan & Claypool.","DOI":"10.5555\/1855072"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_72_1","unstructured":"D. Ziegler A. Abujabal R. Saha Roy and G. Weikum. 2017. Efficiency-aware Answering of Compositional Questions using Answer Type Prediction. In IJCNLP."}],"event":{"name":"SIGIR '19: The 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","location":"Paris France","acronym":"SIGIR '19","sponsor":["SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3331184.3331252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3331184.3331252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:54:23Z","timestamp":1768524863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3331184.3331252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3331184.3331252","10.1145\/3331184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3331184.3331252","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}