{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:16:37Z","timestamp":1784178997645,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":30,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412747","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T05:31:06Z","timestamp":1603085466000},"page":"2645-2652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["TwinBERT"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruofei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Scalable Attentive Sentence-Pair Modeling via Distilled Sentence Embedding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.05161","author":"Barkan Oren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oren Barkan , Noam Razin , Itzik Malkiel , Ori Katz , Avi Caciularu , and Noam Koenigstein . 2019. Scalable Attentive Sentence-Pair Modeling via Distilled Sentence Embedding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.05161 ( 2019 ). Oren Barkan, Noam Razin, Itzik Malkiel, Ori Katz, Avi Caciularu, and Noam Koenigstein. 2019. Scalable Attentive Sentence-Pair Modeling via Distilled Sentence Embedding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.05161 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1150402.1150464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Pre-training Tasks for Embedding-based Large-scale Retrieval. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2020","author":"Chang Wei-Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei-Cheng Chang , Felix X. Yu , Yin-Wen Chang , Yiming Yang , and Sanjiv Kumar . 2020 . Pre-training Tasks for Embedding-based Large-scale Retrieval. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2020 , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia , April 26-30, 2020. Wei-Cheng Chang, Felix X. Yu, Yin-Wen Chang, Yiming Yang, and Sanjiv Kumar. 2020. Pre-training Tasks for Embedding-based Large-scale Retrieval. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 26-30, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/997817.997857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2018 . Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018). Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Internet advertising and the generalized second-price auction: Selling billions of dollars worth of keywords. American economic review","author":"Edelman Benjamin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Benjamin Edelman , Michael Ostrovsky , and Michael Schwarz . 2007. Internet advertising and the generalized second-price auction: Selling billions of dollars worth of keywords. American economic review , Vol. 97 , 1 ( 2007 ), 242--259. Benjamin Edelman, Michael Ostrovsky, and Michael Schwarz. 2007. Internet advertising and the generalized second-price auction: Selling billions of dollars worth of keywords. American economic review, Vol. 97, 1 (2007), 242--259."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"Distilling the knowledge in a neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.02531","author":"Hinton Geoffrey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geoffrey Hinton , Oriol Vinyals , and Jeff Dean . 2015. Distilling the knowledge in a neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.02531 ( 2015 ). Geoffrey Hinton, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeff Dean. 2015. Distilling the knowledge in a neural network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.02531 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2505665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.10351","author":"Jiao Xiaoqi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiaoqi Jiao , Yichun Yin , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Xiao Chen , Linlin Li , Fang Wang , and Qun Liu . 2019. TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.10351 ( 2019 ). Xiaoqi Jiao, Yichun Yin, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen, Linlin Li, Fang Wang, and Qun Liu. 2019. TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.10351 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. In 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7-9, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings.","author":"Diederik","unstructured":"Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2015 . Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. In 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7-9, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings. Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2015. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. In 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7-9, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11942","author":"Lan Zhenzhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhenzhong Lan , Mingda Chen , Sebastian Goodman , Kevin Gimpel , Piyush Sharma , and Radu Soricut . 2019 . ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11942 (2019). Zhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, and Radu Soricut. 2019. ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.11942 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu , Myle Ott , Naman Goyal , Jingfei Du , Mandar Joshi , Danqi Chen , Omer Levy , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , and Veselin Stoyanov . 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR , Vol. abs\/ 1907 .11692 ( 2019 ). Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach. CoRR, Vol. abs\/1907.11692 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"Improved knowledge distillation via teacher assistant: Bridging the gap between student and teacher. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.03393","author":"Mirzadeh Seyed-Iman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seyed-Iman Mirzadeh , Mehrdad Farajtabar , Ang Li , and Hassan Ghasemzadeh . 2019. Improved knowledge distillation via teacher assistant: Bridging the gap between student and teacher. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.03393 ( 2019 ). Seyed-Iman Mirzadeh, Mehrdad Farajtabar, Ang Li, and Hassan Ghasemzadeh. 2019. Improved knowledge distillation via teacher assistant: Bridging the gap between student and teacher. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.03393 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume":"201","author":"Raffel Colin","unstructured":"Colin Raffel , Noam Shazeer , Adam Roberts , Katherine Lee , Sharan Narang , Michael Matena , Yanqi Zhou , Wei Li , and Peter J. Liu. 201 9. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. arxiv: 1910.10683 [cs.LG] Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2019. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. arxiv: 1910.10683 [cs.LG]","journal-title":"Peter J. Liu."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084","author":"Reimers Nils","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych . 2019 . Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084 (2019). Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych. 2019. Sentence-bert: Sentence embeddings using siamese bert-networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.10084 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. CoRR","author":"Sanh Victor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Victor Sanh , Lysandre Debut , Julien Chaumond , and Thomas Wolf . 2019. DistilBERT , a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. CoRR , Vol. abs\/ 1910 .01108 ( 2019 ). Victor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. 2019. DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. CoRR, Vol. abs\/1910.01108 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939704"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2567948.2577348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Patient knowledge distillation for bert model compression. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.09355","author":"Sun Siqi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siqi Sun , Yu Cheng , Zhe Gan , and Jingjing Liu . 2019. Patient knowledge distillation for bert model compression. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.09355 ( 2019 ). Siqi Sun, Yu Cheng, Zhe Gan, and Jingjing Liu. 2019. Patient knowledge distillation for bert model compression. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.09355 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Distilling Task-Specific Knowledge from BERT into Simple Neural Networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.12136","author":"Tang Raphael","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raphael Tang , Yao Lu , Linqing Liu , Lili Mou , Olga Vechtomova , and Jimmy Lin . 2019. Distilling Task-Specific Knowledge from BERT into Simple Neural Networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.12136 ( 2019 ). Raphael Tang, Yao Lu, Linqing Liu, Lili Mou, Olga Vechtomova, and Jimmy Lin. 2019. Distilling Task-Specific Knowledge from BERT into Simple Neural Networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.12136 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Well-read students learn better: The impact of student initialization on knowledge distillation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08962","author":"Turc Iulia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iulia Turc , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2019. Well-read students learn better: The impact of student initialization on knowledge distillation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08962 ( 2019 ). Iulia Turc, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. Well-read students learn better: The impact of student initialization on knowledge distillation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08962 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 5998--6008.  Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 5998--6008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2393347.2393378"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing. ArXiv","author":"Wolf Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas Wolf , Lysandre Debut , Victor Sanh , Julien Chaumond , Clement Delangue , Anthony Moi , Pierric Cistac , Tim Rault , R'emi Louf , Morgan Funtowicz , and Jamie Brew . 2019. HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing. ArXiv , Vol. abs\/ 1910 .03771 ( 2019 ). Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, R'emi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, and Jamie Brew. 2019. HuggingFace's Transformers: State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing. ArXiv, Vol. abs\/1910.03771 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"et almbox","author":"Wu Yonghui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yonghui Wu , Mike Schuster , Zhifeng Chen , Quoc V Le , Mohammad Norouzi , Wolfgang Macherey , Maxim Krikun , Yuan Cao , Qin Gao , Klaus Macherey , et almbox . 2016 . Google's neural machine translation system: Bridging the gap between human and machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08144 (2016). Yonghui Wu, Mike Schuster, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc V Le, Mohammad Norouzi, Wolfgang Macherey, Maxim Krikun, Yuan Cao, Qin Gao, Klaus Macherey, et almbox. 2016. Google's neural machine translation system: Bridging the gap between human and machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08144 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"Beyond 512 Tokens: Siamese Multi-depth Transformer-based Hierarchical Encoder for Document Matching. CoRR","author":"Yang Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Yang , Mingyang Zhang , Cheng Li , Michael Bendersky , and Marc Najork . 2020. Beyond 512 Tokens: Siamese Multi-depth Transformer-based Hierarchical Encoder for Document Matching. CoRR , Vol. abs\/ 2004 .12297 ( 2020 ). Liu Yang, Mingyang Zhang, Cheng Li, Michael Bendersky, and Marc Najork. 2020. Beyond 512 Tokens: Siamese Multi-depth Transformer-based Hierarchical Encoder for Document Matching. CoRR, Vol. abs\/2004.12297 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31193\/ssap.01.9787509752807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"2019 b. Model Compression with Multi-Task Knowledge Distillation for Web-scale Question Answering System. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09636","author":"Yang Ze","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ze Yang , Linjun Shou , Ming Gong , Wutao Lin , and Daxin Jiang . 2019 b. Model Compression with Multi-Task Knowledge Distillation for Web-scale Question Answering System. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09636 ( 2019 ). Ze Yang, Linjun Shou, Ming Gong, Wutao Lin, and Daxin Jiang. 2019 b. Model Compression with Multi-Task Knowledge Distillation for Web-scale Question Answering System. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09636 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","volume-title":"ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.07129","author":"Zhang Zhengyan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhengyan Zhang , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Xin Jiang , Maosong Sun , and Qun Liu . 2019 . ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.07129 (2019). Zhengyan Zhang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Xin Jiang, Maosong Sun, and Qun Liu. 2019. ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.07129 (2019)."}],"event":{"name":"CIKM '20: The 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","location":"Virtual Event Ireland","acronym":"CIKM '20","sponsor":["SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web","SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information &amp; Knowledge Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3340531.3412747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3340531.3412747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:02:55Z","timestamp":1750197775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3340531.3412747"}},"subtitle":["Distilling Knowledge to Twin-Structured Compressed BERT Models for Large-Scale Retrieval"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3340531.3412747","10.1145\/3340531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3340531.3412747","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}