{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:48:17Z","timestamp":1787935697617,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]],"date-time":"2019-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n            : Self-awareness has been recently receiving attention in computing systems for enriching autonomous software systems operating in dynamic environments.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>\n            : We aim to investigate the adoption of computational self-awareness concepts in autonomic software systems and motivate future research directions on self-awareness and related problems.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>\n            : We conducted a systemic literature review to compile the studies related to the adoption of self-awareness in software engineering and explore how self-awareness is engineered and incorporated in software systems. From 865 studies, 74 studies have been selected as primary studies. We have analysed the studies from multiple perspectives, such as motivation, inspiration, and engineering approaches, among others.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n            : Results have shown that self-awareness has been used to enable self-adaptation in systems that exhibit uncertain and dynamic behaviour. Though there have been recent attempts to define and engineer self-awareness in software engineering, there is no consensus on the definition of self-awareness. Also, the distinction between self-aware and self-adaptive systems has not been systematically treated.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n            : Our survey reveals that self-awareness for software systems is still a formative field and that there is growing attention to incorporate self-awareness for better reasoning about the adaptation decision in autonomic systems. Many pending issues and open problems outline possible research directions.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3347269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T12:58:45Z","timestamp":1571403525000},"page":"1-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Self-awareness in Software Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdessalam","family":"Elhabbash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3184-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Bahsoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2007.014070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2009.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"P. Bozzelli Q. Gu and P. Lago. 2013. A Systematic Literature Review on Green Software Metrics. Technical Report. VU University Amsterdam Department of Computer Science The Netherlands. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.sis.uta.fi\/pt\/TIEA5_Thesis_Course\/Session_10_2013_02_18\/SLR_GreenMetrics.pdf.  P. Bozzelli Q. Gu and P. Lago. 2013. A Systematic Literature Review on Green Software Metrics. Technical Report. VU University Amsterdam Department of Computer Science The Netherlands. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.sis.uta.fi\/pt\/TIEA5_Thesis_Course\/Session_10_2013_02_18\/SLR_GreenMetrics.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Emerging Techniques for the Engineering of Self-Adaptive High-Integrity Software","author":"Calinescu R.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36249-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Camara R. de Lemos C. Ghezzi and A. Lopes. 2013. Assurances for Self-adaptive Systems: Principles Models and Techniques. Springer Berlin New York.  J. Camara R. de Lemos C. Ghezzi and A. Lopes. 2013. Assurances for Self-adaptive Systems: Principles Models and Techniques. Springer Berlin New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36249-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Cheng R. de Lemos H. Giese P. Inverardi J. Magee J. Andersson B. Becker N. Bencomo Y. Brun B. Cukic G. Marzo Serugendo S. Dustdar A. Finkelstein C. Gacek K. Geihs V. Grassi G. Karsai H. M. Kienle J. Kramer M. Litoiu S. Malek R. Mirandola H. M\u00fcller S. Park M. Shaw M. Tichy M. Tivoli D. Weyns and J. Whittle. 2009. Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Research Roadmap. Springer-Verlag 1--26.  B. Cheng R. de Lemos H. Giese P. Inverardi J. Magee J. Andersson B. Becker N. Bencomo Y. Brun B. Cukic G. Marzo Serugendo S. Dustdar A. Finkelstein C. Gacek K. Geihs V. Grassi G. Karsai H. M. Kienle J. Kramer M. Litoiu S. Malek R. Mirandola H. M\u00fcller S. Park M. Shaw M. Tichy M. Tivoli D. Weyns and J. Whittle. 2009. Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Research Roadmap. Springer-Verlag 1--26.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02161-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement. 275--284","author":"Cruzes D. S."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Second Research Roadmap. 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