{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:03:36Z","timestamp":1767963816635,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["Grant No. 2018YFB1005000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 2018YFB1005000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Grant No. 61672314, 61572276 and 61521002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 61672314, 61572276 and 61521002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of ubiquitous computing, entering text on HMDs and smart TVs using handheld touchscreen devices (e.g., smartphone and controller) is becoming more and more attractive. In these indirect touch scenarios, the touch input surface is decoupled from the visual display. Compared with direct touch input, entering text using a keyboard in indirect touch is more challenging because before the finger touch, no visual feedback is available for locating the touch finger. Aiming at this problem, in this paper, we investigate the feasibility of gesture typing for indirect touch since keeping the finger in touch with the screen during typing makes it possible to provide continuous visual feedback, which is beneficial for increasing the input performance. We first examine users' gesture typing ability in terms of the appropriate keyboard size and location in motor space and then compare the typing performance in direct and indirect touch mode. We then propose an improved design to address the uncertainty and inaccuracy of the first touch. Our evaluation result shows that users can quickly acquire indirect gesture typing, and type 22.3 words per minute after 30 phases, which significantly outperforms previous numbers in literature. Our work provides the empirical support for leveraging gesture typing for indirect touch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3351275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T15:58:26Z","timestamp":1568131106000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigating Gesture Typing for Indirect Touch"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Zhican","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Lab of Networked Multimedia, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Lab of Networked Multimedia, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Lab of Networked Multimedia, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanchun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pervasive Computing, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Lab of Networked Multimedia, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Institute for Accessibility Development Tsinghua University"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"2018. Open American National Corpus | Open Data for Language Reserach and Education. http:\/\/www.anc.org\/.  2018. Open American National Corpus | Open Data for Language Reserach and Education. http:\/\/www.anc.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132272.3134136"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178336"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3126594.3126639"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984560"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371574.2371612"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1168987.1168992"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2013.858461"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Touch pad with force sensors and actuator feedback","volume":"9","author":"Bernstein Jeffrey Traer","year":"2017","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2380116.2380136"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858421"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"LDC2006T13","author":"Brants Thorsten","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e572172013-231"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1979742.1979799"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702300"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025835"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979301"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702503"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025486"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2556997"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169093"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502716.502753"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858242"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858095"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/317456.317495"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slava Katz. 1987. Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model component of a speech recognizer. IEEE transactions on acoustics speech and signal processing 35 3 (1987) 400--401.  Slava Katz. 1987. Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model component of a speech recognizer. IEEE transactions on acoustics speech and signal processing 35 3 (1987) 400--401.","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1987.1165125"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","unstructured":"Per-Ola Kristensson. 2007. Discrete and continuous shape writing for text entry and control. Ph.D. Dissertation. Institutionen f\u00f6r datavetenskap.  Per-Ola Kristensson. 2007. Discrete and continuous shape writing for text entry and control. Ph.D. Dissertation. Institutionen f\u00f6r datavetenskap."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029632.1029640"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1040830.1040867"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240797"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"JB Kruskall and M Liberman. 1983. The symmetric time warping problem: From continuous to discrete. Time Warps String Edits and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of SequenceComparison. Addison-Wesley (1983).  JB Kruskall and M Liberman. 1983. The symmetric time warping problem: From continuous to discrete. Time Warps String Edits and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of SequenceComparison. Addison-Wesley (1983)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3090083"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2012.2217033"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/765891.765971"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2556964"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","unstructured":"Paul Nation and Robert Waring. 1997. Vocabulary size text coverage and word lists. Vocabulary: Description acquisition and pedagogy 14 (1997) 6--19.  Paul Nation and Robert Waring. 1997. Vocabulary size text coverage and word lists. Vocabulary: Description acquisition and pedagogy 14 (1997) 6--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858334"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2807442.2807460"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858201"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert W Proctor and Kim-Phuong L Vu. 2006. Stimulus-response compatibility principles: Data theory and application. CRC Press.  Robert W Proctor and Kim-Phuong L Vu. 2006. Stimulus-response compatibility principles: Data theory and application. CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203022795"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129303701704"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702597"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J079v21n04_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","unstructured":"Robert Rosenthal H Cooper and L Hedges. 1994. Parametric measures of effect size. The handbook of research synthesis 621 (1994) 231--244.  Robert Rosenthal H Cooper and L Hedges. 1994. Parametric measures of effect size. The handbook of research synthesis 621 (1994) 231--244."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1367985.1367993"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03655-2_65"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702357"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.266.0765"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1868914.1868972"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","unstructured":"Maciej Tomczak and Ewa Tomczak. 2014. The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences 21 1 (2014).  Maciej Tomczak and Ewa Tomczak. 2014. The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Sciences 21 1 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702135"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2513383.2513399"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2788940.2788949"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470759"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493190.2493215"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2628363.2628371"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2014.065154"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025964"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493190.2493202"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/642611.642630"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2330667.2330689"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1520340.1520380"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174013"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300678"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3351275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3351275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:25:51Z","timestamp":1750206351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3351275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3351275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3351275","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}