{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:53:10Z","timestamp":1789645990819,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["107-2923-E-001-001-MY3, 107-2218-E-155-006-MY3, 107-2221-E-007-014-MY3, 108-2218-E-002-048, 108-2221-E-001-001-MY3, and 108-2221-E-001-004-MY3, 108-2221-E-155-001-MY3,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2923-E-001-001-MY3, 107-2218-E-155-006-MY3, 107-2221-E-007-014-MY3, 108-2218-E-002-048, 108-2221-E-001-001-MY3, and 108-2221-E-001-004-MY3, 108-2221-E-155-001-MY3,"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001869","name":"Academia Sinica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AS-CDA-107-M05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS-CDA-107-M05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            When a shingle magnetic recording (SMR) drive has been widely applied to modern computer systems (e.g., archive file systems, big data computing systems, and large-scale database systems), storage system developers should thoroughly review whether current designs (e.g., index schemes and data placements) are appropriate for an SMR drive because of its sequential write constraint. Through many prior works excellently manage data in an SMR drive by integrating their proposed solutions into the driver layer, an index scheme over an SMR drive has never been optimized by any previous works because managing index over the SMR drive needs to jointly consider the properties of B\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            -tree and SMR natures (e.g., sequential write constraint and zone partitions) in a host storage system. Moreover, poor index management will result in terrible storage performance because an index manager is extensively used in file systems and database applications. For optimizing the B\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            -tree index structure over an SMR storage, this work identifies performance overheads caused by the B\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            -tree index structure in an SMR drive. By such observation, this study proposes a sequential-write-constrained B\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            -tree index scheme, namely SW-B\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            tree, which consists of an address redirection data structure, an SMR-aware node allocation mechanism, and a frequency-aware garbage collection strategy. According to our experiments, the SW-B\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            tree can improve the SMR storage performance 55% on average.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3358201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T13:13:05Z","timestamp":1570713185000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Enabling Sequential-write-constrained B\n            <sup>+<\/sup>\n            -tree Index Scheme to Upgrade Shingled Magnetic Recording Storage Performance"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yu-Pei","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2939-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tseng-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo-Han","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kam-Yiu","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Hsin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Kuan","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSST.2010.5496971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1365815.1365816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2752939.2752947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2627369.2627630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/776985.777000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"[n.d.]. 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Tim Feldman and Garth Gibson. 2013. Shingled magnetic recording: Areal density increase requires new data management. USENIX 38(3) (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2009.2021663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Usenix Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201917)","author":"He Weiping","unstructured":"Weiping He and David H. C. Du . 2017. SMaRT: An approach to shingled magnetic recording translation . In Proceedings of the 15th Usenix Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201917) . USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, 121--133. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;3129633.3129645 Weiping He and David H. C. Du. 2017. SMaRT: An approach to shingled magnetic recording translation. In Proceedings of the 15th Usenix Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201917). USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, 121--133. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id&equals;3129633.3129645"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Seagate Inc. [n.d.]. Data Sheet Barracuda.  Seagate Inc. [n.d.]. Data Sheet Barracuda."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1071610.1071612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"7th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage\u201915)","author":"Kadekodi Saurabh","unstructured":"Saurabh Kadekodi , Swapnil Pimpale , and Garth A. Gibson . 2015. Caveat-scriptor: Write anywhere shingled disks . In 7th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage\u201915) . USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/hotstorage15\/workshop-program\/presentation\/kadekodi. Saurabh Kadekodi, Swapnil Pimpale, and Garth A. Gibson. 2015. Caveat-scriptor: Write anywhere shingled disks. In 7th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage\u201915). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/hotstorage15\/workshop-program\/presentation\/kadekodi."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3026852.3026858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Linux Symposium","volume":"2","author":"Mathur Avantika","year":"2007","unstructured":"Avantika Mathur , Mingming Cao , Suparna Bhattacharya , Andreas Dilger , Alex Tomas , and Laurent Vivier . 2007 . The new ext4 filesystem: Current status and future plans . In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium , Vol. 2 . Citeseer, 21--33. Avantika Mathur, Mingming Cao, Suparna Bhattacharya, Andreas Dilger, Alex Tomas, and Laurent Vivier. 2007. The new ext4 filesystem: Current status and future plans. In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium, Vol. 2. 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