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However, the majority of existing applications use guided meditation that is not adaptable to each user's unique needs or pace. This article proposes a novel framework called\n            <jats:italic>Attention Regulation Framework (ARF)<\/jats:italic>\n            , which studies how more flexible and adaptable mindfulness applications could be designed, beyond guided meditation and toward self-regulated meditation.\n            <jats:italic>ARF<\/jats:italic>\n            proposes mindfulness interaction design guidelines and interfaces whereby practitioners naturally and constantly bring their attention back to the present moment and develop non-judgmental awareness. This is achieved by the performance of subtle movements, which are supported by non-intrusive detection-feedback mechanisms. We used two design cases to demonstrate\n            <jats:italic>ARF<\/jats:italic>\n            in static and kinetic meditation conditions. We conducted four user evaluation studies in unique situations where\n            <jats:italic>ARF<\/jats:italic>\n            is particularly effective,\n            <jats:italic>vis-\u00e0-vis<\/jats:italic>\n            mindfulness practice in busy environments and mindfulness interfaces that adapt to the pace of the user. The studies show that the design cases, compared with guided meditation applications, are more effective in improving attention, mindfulness, mood, well-being, and physical balance. Our work contributes to the development of self-regulated mindfulness technologies.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3359593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T14:04:16Z","timestamp":1572876256000},"page":"1-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Attention Regulation Framework"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kavous Salehzadeh","family":"Niksirat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kochi University of Technology, Kami City, Kochi"}]},{"given":"Chaklam","family":"Silpasuwanchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kochi University of Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PauseAble ApS, Ballerup, Copenhagen area"}]},{"given":"Xiangshi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kochi University of Technology, Kami City, Kochi"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7031036"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpg015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191105283504"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2009.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1974.11023785"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2787626.2792627"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.2.180"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448480903540481"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0128-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-007-9130-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Meet headspace, the app that made meditation a &dollar;250 million business. 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