{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:20:16Z","timestamp":1775042416867,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transliteration removes the script barriers. Unfortunately, Punjabi is written in four different scripts, i.e., Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi, Devnagri, and Latin. The Latin script is understandable for nearly all factions of the Punjabi community. The objective of our work is to transliterate the Punjabi Gurmukhi script into Latin script. There has been considerable progress in Punjabi to Latin transliteration, but the accuracy of present-day systems is less than 50% (Google Translator has approximately 45% accuracy). We do not have the facility of a rich parallel corpus for Punjabi, so we cannot use the corpus-based techniques of machine learning that are in vogue these days. The existing systems of transliteration follow grapheme-based approach. The grapheme-based transliteration is unable to handle many scenarios such as tones, inherent schwa, glottal stops, nasalization, and gemination. In this article, the grapheme-based transliteration has been augmented with phonetic rectification where the Punjabi script is rectified phonetically before applying character-to-character mapping. Handling the inherent short vowel schwa was the major challenge in phonetic rectification. Instead of following the fixed syllabic pattern, we devised a generic finite state transducer to insert schwa. The accuracy of our transliteration system is approximately 96.82%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3359991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T18:12:51Z","timestamp":1582567971000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Punjabi to ISO 15919 and Roman Transliteration with Phonetic Rectification"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Raihan","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan and Faculty of Information Technology, University of Central Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dr. Khadim Hussain","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Teach Yourself Panjabi","author":"Bahri Hardev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Transliteration for resource-scarce languages","volume":"9","author":"Chinnakotla Manoj K.","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans. 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Retrieved from www.ijetae.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"M. Parkvall. 2007. V\u00e4rldens 100 st\u00f6rsta sprak (the world's largest 100 languages). Nationalencyklopedin. Malm\u00f6: NE Nationalencyklopedin AB.  M. Parkvall. 2007. V\u00e4rldens 100 st\u00f6rsta sprak (the world's largest 100 languages). Nationalencyklopedin. Malm\u00f6: NE Nationalencyklopedin AB."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Gurpreet Singh Lehal, and Virinder S. 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