{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T15:03:27Z","timestamp":1782313407481,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":29,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3360322.3360845","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T18:56:15Z","timestamp":1572980175000},"page":"306-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Control of Air Free-Cooled Data Centers in Tropics via Deep Reinforcement Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Duc","family":"Van Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yew-Wah","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2015. Data Center Industry Survey Results. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2K1UDz4.  2015. Data Center Industry Survey Results. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2K1UDz4."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Backblaze hard drive stats for","year":"2018","unstructured":"2018. Backblaze hard drive stats for 2018 . https:\/\/bit.ly\/2T8BiOa. 2018. Backblaze hard drive stats for 2018. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2T8BiOa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments - Expanded Data Center Classes and Usage Guidance. White Paper","author":"ASHRAE TC","year":"2011","unstructured":"ASHRAE TC 9.9. 2011. Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments - Expanded Data Center Classes and Usage Guidance. White Paper ( 2011 ). ASHRAE TC 9.9. 2011. Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments - Expanded Data Center Classes and Usage Guidance. White Paper (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Gaseous and Particulate Contamination Guidelines for Data Centers. White Paper","author":"ASHRAE.","year":"2011","unstructured":"ASHRAE. 2011. Gaseous and Particulate Contamination Guidelines for Data Centers. White Paper ( 2011 ). ASHRAE. 2011. Gaseous and Particulate Contamination Guidelines for Data Centers. White Paper (2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"ASHRAE. 2013. Psychrometrics. In 2013 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (SI).  ASHRAE. 2013. Psychrometrics. In 2013 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (SI)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE CloudCom. 646--651","author":"Christy Sujatha","unstructured":"Christy Sujatha D. and Satheesh Abimannan. 2011. Energy Efficient Free Cooling System for Data Centers . In Proc. IEEE CloudCom. 646--651 . Christy Sujatha D. and Satheesh Abimannan. 2011. Energy Efficient Free Cooling System for Data Centers. In Proc. IEEE CloudCom. 646--651."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2490301.2451123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"CoolAir","volume":"50","author":"Goiri \u00cd\u00f1igo","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00cd\u00f1igo Goiri , Thu D. Nguyen , and Ricardo Bianchini . 2015 . CoolAir : Temperature- and Variation-Aware Management for Free-Cooled Datacenters. SIGPLAN Not. 50 , 4 (March 2015), 253--265. \u00cd\u00f1igo Goiri, Thu D. Nguyen, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2015. CoolAir: Temperature- and Variation-Aware Management for Free-Cooled Datacenters. SIGPLAN Not. 50, 4 (March 2015), 253--265.","journal-title":"Temperature- and Variation-Aware Management for Free-Cooled Datacenters. SIGPLAN Not."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proc. e-Energy '19","author":"Gupta Vani","unstructured":"Vani Gupta , Prashant Shenoy , and Ramesh K. Sitaraman . 2019. Combining Renewable Solar and Open Air Cooling for Greening Internet-Scale Distributed Networks . In Proc. e-Energy '19 . 303--314. Vani Gupta, Prashant Shenoy, and Ramesh K. Sitaraman. 2019. Combining Renewable Solar and Open Air Cooling for Greening Internet-Scale Distributed Networks. In Proc. e-Energy '19. 303--314."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"JEDEC. 2019. Arrhenius equation (for reliability). https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ER6LiV.  JEDEC. 2019. Arrhenius equation (for reliability). https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ER6LiV."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Will Knight. 2018. Google just gave control over data center cooling to an AI. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2vbdLC4.  Will Knight. 2018. Google just gave control over data center cooling to an AI. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2vbdLC4."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Chemical kinetics","author":"Laidler Keith James","unstructured":"Keith James Laidler and J Keith . 1965. Chemical kinetics . Vol. 15 . McGraw-Hill . Keith James Laidler and J Keith. 1965. Chemical kinetics. Vol. 15. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2013.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proc. 4th ICLR. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1509","author":"Timothy","unstructured":"Timothy P. Lillicrap et al. 2016. Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning . In Proc. 4th ICLR. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1509 .02971 Timothy P. Lillicrap et al. 2016. Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning. In Proc. 4th ICLR. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1509.02971"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Rui Tan, Rongrong Wang, and Lek Heng Ngoh.","author":"Liu Yingbo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yingbo Liu , Duc Van Le , Rui Tan, Rongrong Wang, and Lek Heng Ngoh. 2019 . Experiences with an Air Free-Cooled Data Center Testbed in the Tropics. In Proc. BIM-WSN '19. Yingbo Liu, Duc Van Le, Rui Tan, Rongrong Wang, and Lek Heng Ngoh. 2019. Experiences with an Air Free-Cooled Data Center Testbed in the Tropics. In Proc. BIM-WSN '19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Model Predictive Control for the Operation of Building Cooling Systems","volume":"20","author":"Ma Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Y. Ma , F. Borrelli , B. Hencey , B. Coffey , S. Bengea , and P. Haves . 2012 . Model Predictive Control for the Operation of Building Cooling Systems . IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 20 , 3 (May 2012), 796--803. Y. Ma, F. Borrelli, B. Hencey, B. Coffey, S. Bengea, and P. Haves. 2012. Model Predictive Control for the Operation of Building Cooling Systems. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 20, 3 (May 2012), 796--803.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Sriram Sankar, Thu D. Nguyen, and Ricardo Bianchini.","author":"Manousakis Ioannis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ioannis Manousakis , \u00cd nigo Goiri , Sriram Sankar, Thu D. Nguyen, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2016 . CoolProvision: underprovisioning datacenter cooling. In FAST. Ioannis Manousakis, \u00cd nigo Goiri, Sriram Sankar, Thu D. Nguyen, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2016. CoolProvision: underprovisioning datacenter cooling. In FAST."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the 14th Usenix FAST. 53--65","author":"Manousakis Ioannis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ioannis Manousakis , Sriram Sankar , Thu D. Nguyen , and Ricardo Bianchini . 2016 . Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters . In Proc. of the 14th Usenix FAST. 53--65 . Ioannis Manousakis, Sriram Sankar, Thu D. Nguyen, and Ricardo Bianchini. 2016. Environmental Conditions and Disk Reliability in Free-cooled Datacenters. In Proc. of the 14th Usenix FAST. 53--65."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Mnih et al. 2015. Human Level Control Through Deep Reinforcement Learning. Nature 518 7540 (2015) 529--533.  V Mnih et al. 2015. Human Level Control Through Deep Reinforcement Learning. Nature 518 7540 (2015) 529--533.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Economizer Modes of Data Center Cooling Systems","author":"Niemann John","year":"2012","unstructured":"John Niemann , John Bean , and Victor Avelar . 2012. Economizer Modes of Data Center Cooling Systems . Schneider Electric White Paper Library ( 2012 ). John Niemann, John Bean, and Victor Avelar. 2012. Economizer Modes of Data Center Cooling Systems. Schneider Electric White Paper Library (2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Jay Park. [n.d.]. Designing a Very Efficient Data Center. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2xBE7Oj.  Jay Park. [n.d.]. Designing a Very Efficient Data Center. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2xBE7Oj."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"John Rath. 2011. Data Centers Can be Even Warmer. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ppu0sq.  John Rath. 2011. Data Centers Can be Even Warmer. https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ppu0sq."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/IPACK2015-48176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Barto","author":"Sutton Richard S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G . Barto . 1998 . Introduction to Reinforcement Learning (1st ed.). MIT Press , Cambridge, MA, USA. Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto. 1998. Introduction to Reinforcement Learning (1st ed.). MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2220797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE DAC. 1--6.","author":"Wei T.","unstructured":"T. Wei , and Q. Zhu . 2017. Deep reinforcement learning for building HVAC control . In Proc. ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE DAC. 1--6. T. Wei, and Q. Zhu. 2017. Deep reinforcement learning for building HVAC control. In Proc. ACM\/EDAC\/IEEE DAC. 1--6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3276774.3276775"}],"event":{"name":"BuildSys '19: The 6th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation","location":"New York NY USA","acronym":"BuildSys '19","sponsor":["SIGEnergy ACM Special Interest Group on Energy Systems and Informatics"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3360322.3360845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3360322.3360845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:44:29Z","timestamp":1750203869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3360322.3360845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3360322.3360845","10.1145\/3360322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3360322.3360845","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}