{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1770918092948,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Driving while distracted or losing alertness significantly increases the risk of traffic accident. The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) systems for smart driving hold the promise of significantly reducing road accidents. In particular, detecting unsafe hand motions and warning the driver using smart sensors can improve the driver\u2019s alertness and skill. However, due to the impact of the vehicle\u2019s movement and the significant variation across different driving environments, detecting the position of the driver\u2019s hand is challenging. This article presents SafeWatch\u2014a system based on smartwatches and smartphones that detects the driver\u2019s unsafe behaviors in a real-time manner. SafeWatch infers driver\u2019s hand position based on several important features, such as the posture of the driver\u2019s forearm and the vibration on the smartwatch. SafeWatch employs a novel adaptive training algorithm that keeps updating the training data set at run-time based on inferred hand positions in certain driving conditions. The evaluation with 75 real driving trips from six subjects shows that SafeWatch has a high accuracy over 97.0% for both recall and precision in detection of the unsafe hand positions when the condition lasts for more than 6.0\n            <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n            , as well as over 97.1% recall and over 91.0% precision in detection of the unsafe hand movements when it lasts for more than 2.5\n            <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n            . The relative position of the hand to the steering wheel also reveals some detailed driving habits, like the type of steering method.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3360323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T14:04:16Z","timestamp":1572876256000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["SafeWatch"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Chongguang","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Energy Efficient Computing and Applications, School of EECS, Peking University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Landu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Noise Control in Internal Combustion Engines","author":"Baxa Donald E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497925"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Tips to avoid distracted driving","author":"Bendickson Nancy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Driver Safety, Transactions. 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