{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:02:35Z","timestamp":1776096155626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSERC CRDPJ","award":["538625-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["538625-19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Graph."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computer animation in conjunction with 3D printing has the potential to positively impact traditional stop-motion animation. As 3D printing every frame of a computer animation is prohibitively slow and expensive, 3D printed stop-motion can only be viable if animations can be faithfully reproduced using a compact library of 3D printed and efficiently assemblable parts. We thus present the first system for processing computer animation sequences (typically faces) to produce an optimal set of replacement parts for use in 3D printed stop-motion animation. Given an input animation sequence of topology invariant deforming meshes, our problem is to output a library of replacement parts and per-animation-frame assignment of the parts, such that we maximally approximate the input animation, while minimizing the amount of 3D printing and assembly. Inspired by current stop-motion workflows, a user manually indicates which parts of the model are preferred for segmentation; then, we find curves with minimal deformation along which to segment the mesh. We then present a novel algorithm to zero out deformations along the segment boundaries, so that replacement sets for each part can be interchangeably and seamlessly assembled together. The part boundaries are designed to ease 3D printing and instrumentation for assembly. Each part is then independently optimized using a graph-cut technique to find a set of replacements, whose size can be user defined, or automatically computed to adhere to a printing budget or allowed deviation from the original animation. Our evaluation is threefold: we show results on a variety of facial animations, both digital and 3D printed, critiqued by a professional animator; we show the impact of various algorithmic parameters; and we compare our results to naive solutions. Our approach can reduce the printing time and cost significantly for stop-motion animated films.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3360510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T12:58:45Z","timestamp":1571403525000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A System for Efficient 3D Printed Stop-motion Face Animation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinat","family":"Abdrashitov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alec","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Karan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8659.00433"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"The Art and Making of ParaNorman","author":"Alger Jed"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858354"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409077"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1275808.1276439"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185520.2185614"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1517664.1517729"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Brostow and Irfan Essa","author":"Gabriel","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCA.","author":"Coleman Patrick","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201326"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897824.2925984"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.881969"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073660"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Black","author":"Ghosh Soumya","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01309.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"Beno\u00eet Jacob et\u00a0al","author":"Guennebaud Ga\u00ebl","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2013.40","article-title":"A video-based system for hand-driven stop-motion animation","volume":"33","author":"Han Xiaoguang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2661229.2661244"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Daniele Panozzo et\u00a0al","author":"Jacobson Alec","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2010.01765.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073206"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APSIPA.2014.7041602"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223943"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"Objet geometries","author":"Kolevsohn Lynn"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1262177"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2461912.2461949"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601161"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-006-0059-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Practice and theory of blendshape facial models","volume":"1","author":"Lewis John P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurographics (State of the Art Reports)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2366145.2366148"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","unstructured":"Mekado Murphy. 2015. 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