{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T10:05:03Z","timestamp":1758708303711,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Near zero-energy computing describes the concept of executing logic operations below the (\n            <jats:italic>\n              k\n              <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n              T\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            ln 2) energy limit. Landauer discussed that it is impossible to break this limit as long as the computations are performed in the conventional, non-reversible way. But even if reversible computations were performed, the basic energy needed for operating circuits realized in conventional technologies is still far above the (\n            <jats:italic>\n              k\n              <jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>\n              T\n            <\/jats:italic>\n            ln 2) energy limit (i.e., the circuits do not operate in a physically reversible manner). In contrast, novel nanotechnologies like\n            <jats:italic>Quantum-dot Cellular Automata<\/jats:italic>\n            (QCA) allow for computations with very low energy dissipation and hence are promising candidates for breaking this limit. Accordingly, the design of reversible QCA circuits is an active field of research. But whether QCA in general and the proposed circuits in particular are indeed able to operate in a logically and physically reversible fashion is unknown thus far, because neither physical realizations nor appropriate simulation approaches are available. In this work, we address this gap by utilizing an established theoretical model that has been implemented in a physics simulator enabling a precise consideration of how energy is dissipated in QCA designs. Our results provide strong evidence that QCA is indeed a suitable technology for near zero-energy computing. Further, the first design of a logically and physically reversible adder circuit is presented, which serves as proof of concept for future circuits with the ability of near zero-energy computing.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3365394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T13:19:46Z","timestamp":1574687986000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Near Zero-Energy Computation Using Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4028-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Sill","family":"Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center, Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Niemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bremen 8 DFKI GmbH, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Drechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bremen 8 DFKI GmbH, Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. G. Anderson and S. Bhanja. 2014. Field-Coupled Nanocomputing: Paradigms Progress and Perspectives. Springer New York NY.  N. G. Anderson and S. Bhanja. 2014. Field-Coupled Nanocomputing: Paradigms Progress and Perspectives. Springer New York NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45908-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-7-221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.176.0525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10872"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"C (March","author":"Chabi A. M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. M. Chabi , A. Roohi , H. Khademolhosseini , S. Sheikhfaal , S. Angizi , K. Navi , and R. F. DeMara . 2017. Towards ultra-efficient QCA reversible circuits. Microprocessors and Microsystems 49 , C (March 2017 ), 127--138. A. M. Chabi, A. Roohi, H. Khademolhosseini, S. Sheikhfaal, S. Angizi, K. Navi, and R. F. DeMara. 2017. Towards ultra-efficient QCA reversible circuits. Microprocessors and Microsystems 49, C (March 2017), 127--138."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LASCAS.2015.7250458"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2019.2918057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRC.2016.7738677"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2017.8012237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.353.0577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.370670"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2016.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1394729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501492"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1116696.1116697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 6th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology","volume":"1","author":"Huang J.","unstructured":"J. Huang , X. Ma , and F. Lombardi . 2006. Energy analysis of QCA circuits for reversible computing . In Proceedings of the 2006 6th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology , Vol. 1 . 39--42. J. Huang, X. Ma, and F. Lombardi. 2006. Energy analysis of QCA circuits for reversible computing. In Proceedings of the 2006 6th IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, Vol. 1. 39--42."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity. 1--4.","author":"Jeanniot N.","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"N. Jeanniot , A. Todri-Sanial , P. Nouet , G. Pillonnet , and H. Fanet . 2016. Investigation of the power-clock network impact on adiabatic logic . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity. 1--4. N. Jeanniot, A. Todri-Sanial, P. Nouet, G. Pillonnet, and H. Fanet. 2016. Investigation of the power-clock network impact on adiabatic logic. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Signal and Power Integrity. 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.53.0183"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/16\/040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.573740"},{"volume-title":"Design of Semiconductor QCA Systems","author":"Liu W.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"W. Liu , E. E. Swartzlander Jr ., and M. O\u2019Neill . 2013. Design of Semiconductor QCA Systems . Artech House . W. Liu, E. E. Swartzlander Jr., and M. O\u2019Neill. 2013. Design of Semiconductor QCA Systems. Artech House."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.51.06FE10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2011.2147796"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3514896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/mnl.2015.0535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2018.2789782"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2017.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2008.2005408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1421217"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1581350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe. 503--508","author":"Walter M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Walter , R. Wille , D. Gro\u00dfe , F. Sill Torres , and R. Drechsler . 2018. An exact method for design exploration of quantum-dot cellular automata . In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe. 503--508 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/DATE. 2018 .8342060 10.23919\/DATE.2018.8342060 M. Walter, R. Wille, D. Gro\u00dfe, F. Sill Torres, and R. Drechsler. 2018. An exact method for design exploration of quantum-dot cellular automata. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe. 503--508. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/DATE.2018.8342060"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3312661"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASP Design Automation Conference. 197--202","author":"Walter M.","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"M. Walter , R. Wille , F. Sill Torres , D. Gro\u00dfe , and R. Drechsler . 2019b. Scalable design for field-coupled nanocomputing circuits . In Proceedings of the ASP Design Automation Conference. 197--202 . M. Walter, R. Wille, F. Sill Torres, D. Gro\u00dfe, and R. Drechsler. 2019b. Scalable design for field-coupled nanocomputing circuits. In Proceedings of the ASP Design Automation Conference. 197--202."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.875791"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2019.00121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/81.536746"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe. 458--463","author":"Zulehner A.","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"A. Zulehner and R. Wille . 2017. Make it reversible: Efficient embedding of non-reversible functions . In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe. 458--463 . A. Zulehner and R. Wille. 2017. Make it reversible: Efficient embedding of non-reversible functions. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation, and Test in Europe. 458--463."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"One-pass design of reversible circuits: Combining embedding and synthesis for reversible logic","volume":"37","author":"Zulehner A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Zulehner and R. Wille . 2018 . One-pass design of reversible circuits: Combining embedding and synthesis for reversible logic . IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 37 , 5 (May 2018), 996--1008. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2729468 10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2729468 A. Zulehner and R. Wille. 2018. One-pass design of reversible circuits: Combining embedding and synthesis for reversible logic. IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 37, 5 (May 2018), 996--1008. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2729468","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASP Design Automation Conference. 669--674","author":"Zulehner A.","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"A. Zulehner , M. P. Frank , and R. Wille . 2019. Design automation for adiabatic circuits . In Proceedings of the ASP Design Automation Conference. 669--674 . DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287624.3287673 10.1145\/3287624.3287673 A. Zulehner, M. P. Frank, and R. Wille. 2019. Design automation for adiabatic circuits. In Proceedings of the ASP Design Automation Conference. 669--674. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3287624.3287673"}],"container-title":["ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3365394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3365394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:49:49Z","timestamp":1750268989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3365394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3365394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3365394","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4832"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4840"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}