{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:37:58Z","timestamp":1790285878954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            We address the problem of engineering a sociotechnical system (STS) with respect to its stakeholders\u2019 requirements. We motivate a two-tier STS conception composed of a technical tier that provides control mechanisms and describes what actions are allowed by the software components, and a social tier that characterizes the stakeholders\u2019 expectations of each other in terms of norms. We adopt agents as computational entities, each representing a different stakeholder. Unlike previous approaches, our framework, D\n            <jats:sc>ESEN<\/jats:sc>\n            , incorporates the social dimension into the formal verification process. Thus, D\n            <jats:sc>ESEN<\/jats:sc>\n            supports agents potentially violating applicable norms\u2014a consequence of their autonomy. In addition to requirements verification, D\n            <jats:sc>ESEN<\/jats:sc>\n            supports refinement of STS specifications via design patterns to meet stated requirements. We evaluate D\n            <jats:sc>ESEN<\/jats:sc>\n            at three levels. We illustrate how D\n            <jats:sc>ESEN<\/jats:sc>\n            carries out refinement via the application of patterns on a hospital emergency scenario. We show via a human-subject study that a design process based on our patterns is helpful for participants who are inexperienced in conceptual modeling and norms. We provide an agent-based environment to simulate the hospital emergency scenario to compare STS specifications (including participant solutions from the human-subject study) with metrics indicating social welfare and norm compliance, and other domain dependent metrics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3365664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T13:12:30Z","timestamp":1576501950000},"page":"1-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["D\n            <scp>ESEN<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Kafali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kent, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirav","family":"Ajmeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3599-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munindar P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS\u201915)","author":"Abushark Yoosef","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Crisis Standards of Care During Disasters","author":"ACEP."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201918)","author":"Ajmeri Nirav"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201916)","author":"Ajmeri Nirav"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201913)","author":"Alechina Natasha","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645919.672807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR\u201916)","author":"Avery Daniel"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2006.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2907942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AGNT.0000018806.20944.ef"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE\u201914)","author":"Chopra Amit K."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems (AAMAS\u201909)","author":"Amit"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201915)","author":"Amit","year":"2052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and MultiAgent Systems (AAMAS\u201916)","author":"Amit"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International World Wide Web Conference. 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