{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:08:21Z","timestamp":1773216501406,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"one of six centers in JUMP"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000028","name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004805","name":"California Energy Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EPC-15-057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPC-15-057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CONIX Research Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EE-0007685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EE-0007685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"DARPA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Access to large amounts of real-world data has long been a barrier to the development and evaluation of analytics applications for the built environment. Open datasets exist, but they are limited in their span (how much data is available) and context (what kind of data is available and how it is described). Evaluation of such analytics is also limited by how the analytics themselves are implemented, often using hard-coded names of building components, points and locations, or unique input data formats.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To advance the methodology for how such analytics are implemented and evaluated, we present Mortar: an open testbed for portable building analytics, currently spanning 90 buildings and containing over 9.1 billion data points. All buildings in the testbed are described using Brick, a recently developed metadata schema, providing rich functional descriptions of building assets and subsystems. We also propose a simple architecture for writing portable analytics applications that are robust to the diversity of buildings and can configure themselves based on context. We demonstrate the utility of Mortar by implementing 11 applications from the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3366375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T16:31:11Z","timestamp":1575649871000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mortar"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gabe","family":"Fierro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pritoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Moustafa","family":"Abdelbaky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lengyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Leyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Pranav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Raftery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Peffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Culler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2018. Project Haystack. Retrieved 01 April 2018 from http:\/\/project-haystack.org\/.  2018. Project Haystack. Retrieved 01 April 2018 from http:\/\/project-haystack.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2014.03.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2422531.2422545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"BTrDB: Optimizing storage system design for timeseries processing","volume":"3","author":"Andersen Michael P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Section"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments, (BuildSys\u201916)","author":"Balaji B."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"S. Barker A. Mishra D. Irwin E. Cecchet P. Shenoy and J. Albrecht. 2012. Smart*: An open data set and tools for enabling research in sustainable homes. SustKDDAugust (2012) 6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/adf  S. Barker A. Mishra D. Irwin E. Cecchet P. Shenoy and J. Albrecht. 2012. Smart * : An open data set and tools for enabling research in sustainable homes. SustKDDAugust (2012) 6. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/adf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2602044.2602051"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Vladimir Bazjanac and Drury B. Crawley. 1999. Industry foundation classes and interoperable commercial software in support of design of energy-efficient buildings. In 5th IBPSAApril (1999) 7. http:\/\/www.ibpsa.org\/%5Cproceedings%5CBS1999%5CBS99_B-18.pdf.  Vladimir Bazjanac and Drury B. Crawley. 1999. Industry foundation classes and interoperable commercial software in support of design of energy-efficient buildings. In 5th IBPSAApril (1999) 7. http:\/\/www.ibpsa.org\/%5Cproceedings%5CBS1999%5CBS99_B-18.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2821650.2821667"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2015.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"BOSS: Building operating system services","volume":"13","author":"Dawson-Haggerty Stephen","year":"2013","journal-title":"NSDI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512549.2018.1545143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"EIA. 2016. Commercial buildings energy consumption survey (CBECS) user\u2019s guide to the 2012 CBECS public use microdata file. August (2016). https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/commercial\/data\/2012\/index.cfm?view&equals;microdata.  EIA. 2016. Commercial buildings energy consumption survey (CBECS) user\u2019s guide to the 2012 CBECS public use microdata file. August (2016). https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/consumption\/commercial\/data\/2012\/index.cfm?view&equals;microdata."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Built Environments 1","author":"Fierro Gabe","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Systems for Built Environments. ACM, 172--181","author":"Fierro Gabe"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"Building Re-Tuning Training Guide. [n.d.]. Occupancy Scheduling: Night and Weekend Temperature Set Back and Supply Fan Cycling During Unoccupied Hours. Report No. PNNL-SA-85194. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: Richland WA. Available at: http:\/\/www.pnl.gov\/buildingretuning\/documents\/pnnl_sa_85194.pdf. (Last accessed 10\/5\/2016.).  Building Re-Tuning Training Guide. [n.d.]. Occupancy Scheduling: Night and Weekend Temperature Set Back and Supply Fan Cycling During Unoccupied Hours. Report No. PNNL-SA-85194. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory: Richland WA. Available at: http:\/\/www.pnl.gov\/buildingretuning\/documents\/pnnl_sa_85194.pdf. (Last accessed 10\/5\/2016.)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Steve Harris Andy Seaborne and Eric Prud\u2019hommeaux. 2013. SPARQL 1.1 query language. W3C Recommendation 21 10 (2013).  Steve Harris Andy Seaborne and Eric Prud\u2019hommeaux. 2013. SPARQL 1.1 query language. W3C Recommendation 21 10 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775047.775062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137133.3141448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"SustKDD Workshop 25","author":"Zico Kolter J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2019. Building Re-Tuning Training Guide: AHU Heating and Cooling Control. https:\/\/buildingretuning.pnnl.gov\/documents\/pnnl_sa_88359.pdf.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2019. Building Re-Tuning Training Guide: AHU Heating and Cooling Control. https:\/\/buildingretuning.pnnl.gov\/documents\/pnnl_sa_88359.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Yann LeCun Corinna Cortes and C. J. Burges. 2010. MNIST handwritten digit database. AT8T Labs [Online]. Retrieved from http:\/\/yann. lecun. com\/exdb\/mnist.  Yann LeCun Corinna Cortes and C. J. Burges. 2010. MNIST handwritten digit database. AT8T Labs [Online]. Retrieved from http:\/\/yann. lecun. com\/exdb\/mnist."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Lucid. 2018. BuildingOS. Retrieved from https:\/\/lucidconnects.com.  Lucid. 2018. BuildingOS. Retrieved from https:\/\/lucidconnects.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2011.2145010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natalie Mims Steven R. Schiller Elizabeth Stuart Lisa Schwartz Chris Kramer and Richard Faesy. 2017. Evaluation of U.S. building energy benchmarking and transparency programs: Attributes impacts and best practices. Report No. LBNL-2001038. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1393621  Natalie Mims Steven R. Schiller Elizabeth Stuart Lisa Schwartz Chris Kramer and Richard Faesy. 2017. Evaluation of U.S. building energy benchmarking and transparency programs: Attributes impacts and best practices. Report No. LBNL-2001038. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1393621","DOI":"10.2172\/1393621"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm\u201914)","author":"Monacchi Andrea"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.03.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01998590909509174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Pecan St. 2018. Dataport website. Retrieved from https:\/\/dataport.cloud\/.  Pecan St. 2018. Dataport website. Retrieved from https:\/\/dataport.cloud\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3182\/20140824-6-ZA-1003.01519"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Analytic Rules Comprehensive Library Analytic Functions and Full Programmability. 2012. SkySpark\u00ae analytic rules: Combining a comprehensive library of analytic functions with full programmability the tools your need to address your applications.  Analytic Rules Comprehensive Library Analytic Functions and Full Programmability. 2012. SkySpark\u00ae analytic rules: Combining a comprehensive library of analytic functions with full programmability the tools your need to address your applications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2006.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Transaction Processing Performance Council. 2018. TPC-C Benchmark Revision 5.11.0. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tpc.org\/tpc_documents_current_versions\/current_specifications.asp.  Transaction Processing Performance Council. 2018. TPC-C Benchmark Revision 5.11.0. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tpc.org\/tpc_documents_current_versions\/current_specifications.asp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502034.502057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2528282.2528285"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"S. E. Womble J. R. Girman E. L. Ronca R. Axelrad H. S. Brightman and J. F. Mccarthy. 1995. Developing baseline information on buildings and indoor air quality (BASE\u201994). Part II (1995) 1--8.  S. E. Womble J. R. Girman E. L. Ronca R. Axelrad H. S. Brightman and J. F. Mccarthy. 1995. Developing baseline information on buildings and indoor air quality (BASE\u201994). Part II (1995) 1--8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng Yang and Burcin Becerik-Gerber. 2016. How does building occupancy influence energy efficiency of HVAC systems?Energy Procedia 88 (2016) 775--780. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.06.111 CUE 2015 - Applied Energy Symposium and Summit 2015: Low Carbon Cities and Urban EnergySystems.  Zheng Yang and Burcin Becerik-Gerber. 2016. How does building occupancy influence energy efficiency of HVAC systems?Energy Procedia 88 (2016) 775--780. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.06.111 CUE 2015 - Applied Energy Symposium and Summit 2015: Low Carbon Cities and Urban EnergySystems.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2016.06.111"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3366375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3366375","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3366375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:13:42Z","timestamp":1750202022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3366375"}},"subtitle":["An Open Testbed for Portable Building Analytics"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3366375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3366375","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}