{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T23:04:11Z","timestamp":1784847851992,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":34,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3369412.3395070","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T13:06:14Z","timestamp":1592917574000},"page":"97-102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Exploiting Prediction Error Inconsistencies through LSTM-based Classifiers to Detect Deepfake Videos"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Amerini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Caldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT) & Mercatorum University, Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_1_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darius Afchar Vincent Nozick Junichi Yamagishi and I Echizen. 2018. MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Network. 1--7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WIFS.2018.8630761 10.1109\/WIFS.2018.8630761","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS.2018.8630761"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_1_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darius Afchar Vincent Nozick Junichi Yamagishi and I Echizen. 2018. MesoNet: a Compact Facial Video Forgery Detection Network. 1--7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WIFS.2018.8630761","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS.2018.8630761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Protecting World Leaders Against Deep Fakes. In The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops.","author":"Agarwal Shruti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shruti Agarwal , Hany Farid , Yuming Gu , Mingming He , Koki Nagano , and Hao Li . 2019 . Protecting World Leaders Against Deep Fakes. In The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops. Shruti Agarwal, Hany Farid, Yuming Gu, Mingming He, Koki Nagano, and Hao Li. 2019. Protecting World Leaders Against Deep Fakes. In The IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) Workshops."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDSP.2009.5201240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security (Vigo","author":"Bayar Belhassen","unstructured":"Belhassen Bayar and Matthew C. Stamm . 2016. A Deep Learning Approach to Universal Image Manipulation Detection Using a New Convolutional Layer . In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security (Vigo , Galicia, Spain) (MMSec '16). New York, NY, USA, 5--10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909827.2930786 10.1145\/2909827.2930786 Belhassen Bayar and Matthew C. Stamm. 2016. A Deep Learning Approach to Universal Image Manipulation Detection Using a New Convolutional Layer. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security (Vigo, Galicia, Spain) (MMSec '16). New York, NY, USA, 5--10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2909827.2930786"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2561898"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Efros","author":"Chan Caroline","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caroline Chan , Shiry Ginosar , Tinghui Zhou , and Alexei A . Efros . 2018 . Everybody Dance Now. CoRR , Vol. abs\/ 1808 .07371 (2018). arxiv: 1808.07371 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1808.07371 Caroline Chan, Shiry Ginosar, Tinghui Zhou, and Alexei A. Efros. 2018. Everybody Dance Now. CoRR, Vol. abs\/1808.07371 (2018). arxiv: 1808.07371 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1808.07371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2007.916285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions. arxiv: cs.CV\/1610.02357","author":"Chollet Francois","year":"2016","unstructured":"Francois Chollet . 2016 . Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions. arxiv: cs.CV\/1610.02357 Francois Chollet. 2016. Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions. arxiv: cs.CV\/1610.02357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2014.7025049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davide Cozzolino Giovanni Poggi and Luisa Verdoliva. 2017. Recasting Residual-based Local Descriptors as Convolutional Neural Networks: an Application to Image Forgery Detection. arxiv: cs.CV\/1703.04615  Davide Cozzolino Giovanni Poggi and Luisa Verdoliva. 2017. Recasting Residual-based Local Descriptors as Convolutional Neural Networks: an Application to Image Forgery Detection. arxiv: cs.CV\/1703.04615","DOI":"10.1145\/3082031.3083247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"2012 Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). 1234--1238","author":"Dang-Nguyen D.","year":"2012","unstructured":"D. Dang-Nguyen , G. Boato , and F. G. B. De Natale . 2012 . Discrimination between computer generated and natural human faces based on asymmetry information . In 2012 Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). 1234--1238 . D. Dang-Nguyen, G. Boato, and F. G. B. De Natale. 2012. Discrimination between computer generated and natural human faces based on asymmetry information. In 2012 Proceedings of the 20th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). 1234--1238."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Sergio Guadarrama, Marcus Rohrbach, Subhashini Venugopalan, Kate Saenko, and Trevor Darrell.","author":"Donahue Jeff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jeff Donahue , Lisa Anne Hendricks , Sergio Guadarrama, Marcus Rohrbach, Subhashini Venugopalan, Kate Saenko, and Trevor Darrell. 2014 . Long-term Recurrent Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognition and Description. CoRR , Vol. abs\/ 1411 .4389 (2014). arxiv: 1411.4389 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1411.4389 Jeff Donahue, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Sergio Guadarrama, Marcus Rohrbach, Subhashini Venugopalan, Kate Saenko, and Trevor Darrell. 2014. Long-term Recurrent Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognition and Description. CoRR, Vol. abs\/1411.4389 (2014). arxiv: 1411.4389 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1411.4389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2190402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2582924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Deepfake Video Detection Using Recurrent Neural Networks. In 2018 15th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS). 1--6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10","author":"Guera D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"D. Guera and E. J. Delp . 2018 . Deepfake Video Detection Using Recurrent Neural Networks. In 2018 15th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS). 1--6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10 .1109\/AVSS. 2018 .8639163 10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639163 D. Guera and E. J. Delp. 2018. Deepfake Video Detection Using Recurrent Neural Networks. In 2018 15th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS). 1--6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/AVSS.2018.8639163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proc. of IEEE ICASSP","author":"Khanna N.","unstructured":"N. Khanna , G. T.-C. Chiu , J. P. Allebach , and E. J. Delp . 2008. Forensic techniques for classifying scanner, computer generated and digital camera images . In Proc. of IEEE ICASSP . Las Vegas, USA. N. Khanna, G. T.-C. Chiu, J. P. Allebach, and E. J. Delp. 2008. Forensic techniques for classifying scanner, computer generated and digital camera images. In Proc. of IEEE ICASSP. Las Vegas, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3197517.3201283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iryna Korshunova Wenzhe Shi Joni Dambre and Lucas Theis. 2016. Fast Face-swap Using Convolutional Neural Networks. arxiv: cs.CV\/1611.09577  Iryna Korshunova Wenzhe Shi Joni Dambre and Lucas Theis. 2016. Fast Face-swap Using Convolutional Neural Networks. arxiv: cs.CV\/1611.09577","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2197882.2199455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Francesco Marra Cristiano Saltori Giulia Boato and Luisa Verdoliva. 2019. Incremental learning for the detection and classification of GAN-generated images. arxiv: cs.CV\/1910.01568  Francesco Marra Cristiano Saltori Giulia Boato and Luisa Verdoliva. 2019. Incremental learning for the detection and classification of GAN-generated images. arxiv: cs.CV\/1910.01568","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS47025.2019.9035099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW.2019.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1101149.1101192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Discriminating Computer Graphics Images and Natural Images Using Hidden Markov Tree Model","author":"Pan Feng","unstructured":"Feng Pan and Jiwu Huang . 2011. Discriminating Computer Graphics Images and Natural Images Using Hidden Markov Tree Model . In Digital Watermarking, Hyoung-Joong Kim, Yun Qing Shi, and Mauro Barni (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg , Berlin, Heidelberg , 23--28. Feng Pan and Jiwu Huang. 2011. Discriminating Computer Graphics Images and Natural Images Using Hidden Markov Tree Model. In Digital Watermarking, Hyoung-Joong Kim, Yun Qing Shi, and Mauro Barni (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 23--28."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS.2017.8267647"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"FaceForensics: A Large-scale Video Dataset for Forgery Detection in Human Faces. CoRR","author":"Andreas R\u00f6","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andreas R\u00f6 ssler, Davide Cozzolino , Luisa Verdoliva , Christian Riess , Justus Thies , and Matthias Nie\u00dfner . 2018. FaceForensics: A Large-scale Video Dataset for Forgery Detection in Human Faces. CoRR , Vol. abs\/ 1803 .09179 ( 2018 ). arxiv: 1803.09179 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.09179 Andreas R\u00f6 ssler, Davide Cozzolino, Luisa Verdoliva, Christian Riess, Justus Thies, and Matthias Nie\u00dfner. 2018. FaceForensics: A Large-scale Video Dataset for Forgery Detection in Human Faces. CoRR, Vol. abs\/1803.09179 (2018). arxiv: 1803.09179 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.09179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Ekraam Sabir Jiaxin Cheng Ayush Jaiswal Wael AbdAlmageed Iacopo Masi and Prem Natarajan. 2019. Recurrent Convolutional Strategies for Face Manipulation Detection in Videos. arxiv: cs.CV\/1905.00582  Ekraam Sabir Jiaxin Cheng Ayush Jaiswal Wael AbdAlmageed Iacopo Masi and Prem Natarajan. 2019. Recurrent Convolutional Strategies for Face Manipulation Detection in Videos. arxiv: cs.CV\/1905.00582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2205568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2929464.2929475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Efros","author":"Wang Sheng-Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheng-Yu Wang , Oliver Wang , Richard Zhang , Andrew Owens , and Alexei A . Efros . 2019 . CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for now. arxiv: cs.CV\/1912.11035 Sheng-Yu Wang, Oliver Wang, Richard Zhang, Andrew Owens, and Alexei A. Efros. 2019. CNN-generated images are surprisingly easy to spot... for now. arxiv: cs.CV\/1912.11035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Exposing Digital Forgeries in Video by Detecting Double MPEG Compression","volume":"2006","author":"Wang Weihong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weihong Wang and Hany Farid . 2006 . Exposing Digital Forgeries in Video by Detecting Double MPEG Compression . MM and Sec , Vol. 2006 , 37 -- 47 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1161366.1161375 10.1145\/1161366.1161375 Weihong Wang and Hany Farid. 2006. Exposing Digital Forgeries in Video by Detecting Double MPEG Compression. MM and Sec, Vol. 2006, 37--47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1161366.1161375","journal-title":"MM and Sec"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31193\/ssap.01.9787509752807"}],"event":{"name":"IH&MMSec '20: ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security","location":"Denver CO USA","acronym":"IH&MMSec '20","sponsor":["SIGMM ACM Special Interest Group on Multimedia"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3369412.3395070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3369412.3395070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:23:30Z","timestamp":1750202610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3369412.3395070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3369412.3395070","10.1145\/3369412"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3369412.3395070","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}