{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:26:10Z","timestamp":1781519170069,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]],"date-time":"2020-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Spatial Algorithms Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the face of a disaster, the already installed gadgets in a smart city can be leveraged to gather post-disaster situational information. However, owing to the typical disruption of cellular and Internet connectivity during disasters, the possibility of transmitting situational information using conventional communication infrastructure is almost ruled out. The networking research community has strongly proposed the use of delay tolerant networks (DTN) in such challenged network scenario. In this article, we exploit the movement of volunteers carrying smartphones in such a scenario to form a DTN and propose a utility-based DropBox deployment scheme toward improving post-disaster situational information exchange. In this scheme, DropBoxes are deployed across the network at high utility locations. Since the effectiveness of the proposed scheme can be evaluated accurately considering an appropriate post-disaster mobility model suitable for smart cities, we present a human movement model for a post-disaster scenario in a smart city. This movement model is shown to have better performance over other competing movement models in a post-disaster smart city environment. An extensive simulation is performed using ONE simulator to evaluate the comparative performance of the proposed DropBox deployment scheme with some state-of-the-art existing deployment schemes using the presented movement model. Simulation results justify the proposed DropBox deployment scheme improves network performances in terms of delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and average residual energy at the cost of tolerable latency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3373645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T12:40:48Z","timestamp":1582893648000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficient DropBox Deployment toward Improving Post-Disaster Information Exchange in a Smart City"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Nabanita","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heritage Institute of Technology, Anandapur, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sipra Das","family":"Bit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir Mehmood et al. 2017. Internet-of-things based smart cities: Recent advances and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine 16--24.  Yasir Mehmood et al. 2017. Internet-of-things based smart cities: Recent advances and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine 16--24.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600514"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Manage Disaster and Build Resilient Smart Cities. Retreived May 4 2019 from https:\/\/india.smartcitiescouncil.com\/article\/manage-disaster-and-build-resilient-smart-cities.  Manage Disaster and Build Resilient Smart Cities. Retreived May 4 2019 from https:\/\/india.smartcitiescouncil.com\/article\/manage-disaster-and-build-resilient-smart-cities."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"How IoT and FirstNet Can Deliver Emergency Response in Smart Cities. Retrieved May 4 2019 from https:\/\/www.hstoday.us\/subject-matter-areas\/emergency-preparedness\/how-iot-and-firstnet-can-deliver-emergency-response-in-smart-cities\/.  How IoT and FirstNet Can Deliver Emergency Response in Smart Cities. Retrieved May 4 2019 from https:\/\/www.hstoday.us\/subject-matter-areas\/emergency-preparedness\/how-iot-and-firstnet-can-deliver-emergency-response-in-smart-cities\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Three Emerging Technologies to Improve Emergency Management. Retrieved May 4 2019 from https:\/\/datasmart.ash.harvard.edu\/news\/article\/three-emerging-technologies-improve-emergency-management.  Three Emerging Technologies to Improve Emergency Management. Retrieved May 4 2019 from https:\/\/datasmart.ash.harvard.edu\/news\/article\/three-emerging-technologies-improve-emergency-management."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proc. ICACT","author":"Van Dzung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dzung Van DINH et al. 2018. ICT enabling technologies for smart cities . In Proc. ICACT ( 2018 ), 606--611. Dzung Van DINH et al. 2018. ICT enabling technologies for smart cities. In Proc. ICACT (2018), 606--611."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Resilience Smart City","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smart City Resilience . Retrieved December 10, 2018 from https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/iot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/cl_SmartCities_emer_01_131.pdf. Smart City Resilience. Retrieved December 10, 2018 from https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/iot\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/02\/cl_SmartCities_emer_01_131.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2813008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2015.7098676"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7248919"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"C","author":"Zhu Ying","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ying Zhu , Chao Zhang , Xufei Mao , and Yu Wang . 2015. Social based throwbox placement schemes for large-scale mobile social delay tolerant networks. Computer Communications 65 , C ( 2015 ), 10--26. Ying Zhu, Chao Zhang, Xufei Mao, and Yu Wang. 2015. Social based throwbox placement schemes for large-scale mobile social delay tolerant networks. Computer Communications 65, C (2015), 10--26."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ICC","author":"Bo Fan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bo Fan et.al. 2015 . Joint optimization of throwbox deployment and storage allocation in mobile social networks . In Proc. IEEE ICC (2015), 1213--1218. Bo Fan et.al. 2015. Joint optimization of throwbox deployment and storage allocation in mobile social networks. In Proc. IEEE ICC (2015), 1213--1218."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2451621"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PCCC.2017.8280441"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-29603-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2011.2120618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2011.2172984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proc. MSWiM","author":"Munjal Aarti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aarti Munjal , Tracy Camp , and William C. Navidi . 2011. SMOOTH: A simple way to model human mobility . In Proc. MSWiM ( 2011 ), 351--360. Aarti Munjal, Tracy Camp, and William C. Navidi. 2011. SMOOTH: A simple way to model human mobility. In Proc. MSWiM (2011), 351--360."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proc. Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Uddin M.-D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"M.-D. Yusuf S. Uddin , David M. Nicol , Tarek F. Abdelzaher , and Robin H. Kravets . 2009. A post-disaster mobility model for delay tolerant networking . In Proc. Winter Simulation Conference ( 2009 ), 2786--2796. M.-D. Yusuf S. Uddin, David M. Nicol, Tarek F. Abdelzaher, and Robin H. Kravets. 2009. A post-disaster mobility model for delay tolerant networking. In Proc. Winter Simulation Conference (2009), 2786--2796."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improved response to disasters and outbreaks by tracking population movements with mobile phone network data: A post-earthquake geospatial study in Haiti","volume":"8","author":"Linus Bengtsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linus Bengtsson et al. 2011 . Improved response to disasters and outbreaks by tracking population movements with mobile phone network data: A post-earthquake geospatial study in Haiti . PLoS Med. 8 , 8 (2011), 1 -- 9 . Linus Bengtsson et al. 2011. Improved response to disasters and outbreaks by tracking population movements with mobile phone network data: A post-earthquake geospatial study in Haiti. PLoS Med. 8, 8 (2011), 1--9.","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3265997.3265998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ANTS.2017.8384170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"File:Parisattacks.png. 2019. Wikimedia. Retrieved August 6 2019 from https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c4\/Parisattacks.png.  File:Parisattacks.png. 2019. Wikimedia. Retrieved August 6 2019 from https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c4\/Parisattacks.png."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Nepal earthquake. Retrieved April 9 2019 from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake.  Nepal earthquake. Retrieved April 9 2019 from http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Uttarakhand Floods. Retrieved August 6 2019 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2013_North_India_floods.  Uttarakhand Floods. Retrieved August 6 2019 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2013_North_India_floods."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Proc. SIMUTOOLS","author":"Suman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suman Bhattacharjee et al. 2017. Implementing multicasting and broadcasting of multimedia data in ONE simulator . In Proc. SIMUTOOLS ( 2017 ), 48--56. Suman Bhattacharjee et al. 2017. Implementing multicasting and broadcasting of multimedia data in ONE simulator. In Proc. SIMUTOOLS (2017), 48--56."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/961268.961272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE INFOCOM","author":"John","year":"2006","unstructured":"John Burgess et al. 2006. MaxProp: Routing for vehicle-based disruption-tolerant networks . In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ( 2006 ), 1--11. John Burgess et al. 2006. MaxProp: Routing for vehicle-based disruption-tolerant networks. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOM (2006), 1--11."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3373645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3373645","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:02:34Z","timestamp":1750197754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3373645"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3373645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3373645","relation":{},"ISSN":["2374-0353","2374-0361"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2374-0353","type":"print"},{"value":"2374-0361","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}