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Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The phenomenon of end-user driven technological practices such as DIY making, hacking, crafting, and open design\/manufacturing is shaping debates in HCI and CSCW about participatory innovation dynamics. However, prior research also reveals two limitations, namely, unequal participation in decision-making and the neglect of middle-tier \"pro-amateur\" end users. In this paper, we use independent [indie] game development as a case to explore the above-mentioned two key issues. Specifically, we highlight the importance of small teams, \"crafting,\" and \"democracy\" in supporting and facilitating middle-tier end-users' engagement with technology. Our focus on indie game developers, an understudied group of middle-tier end users in HCI and CSCW, offers new empirical evidence of the dynamic process through which pro-amateurs can participate in technological innovation. Understanding their practices and the socio-technological challenges that they face, therefore, informs the design of more participatory technologies that both allow hobbyists' and experts' innovation and support the technological practices performed by users who are at the middle-tier. This not only promotes the democratization of technology and bottom-up innovation but also adds nuance to existing literature on end-user driven technological practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3375184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T22:05:18Z","timestamp":1578175518000},"page":"1-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["\"Pro-Amateur\"-Driven Technological Innovation"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Guo","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"McNeese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Bardzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Shaowen","family":"Bardzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Bloomington, IN, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"The effects of leadership styles on team motivation","author":"Rahbi Dana Al","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dana Al Rahbi , Khalizani Khalid , and Mehmood Khan . 2017. 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Rosner. 2014. Making Cultures: Empowerment, Participation, and Democracy - or Not?. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 32Nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA '14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1087--1092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2559206.2579405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3177794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Creativity in amateur multimedia: Popular culture, critical theory, and HCI. Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments","author":"Bardzell Jeffrey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jeffrey Bardzell . 2007. Creativity in amateur multimedia: Popular culture, critical theory, and HCI. 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