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However, most of the assumptions being taken for granted by domain experts and developers are too tedious to be documented by them. When these unspecified assumptions are violated in an environment in which the system operates, failures can occur. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medical device recall database, medical device recalls caused by software failures are at an all-time high. One major cause of these recalls is violations of unspecified assumptions made in medical systems. Therefore, it is crucial to have tools to automatically identify such unspecified assumptions at an early stage of the systems development process to avoid fatal failures.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            In this article, we present a tool called Unspecified Assumption Carrier Finder (\n            <jats:italic>UACFinder<\/jats:italic>\n            ) that uses data mining techniques to automatically identify potential\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            of unspecified assumptions in system design models. The main idea of this tool is based on the observation we obtained from our earlier analysis of software failures in medical device recalls caused by unspecified assumptions. We observed that unspecified assumptions often exist in medical systems through\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            , such as\n            <jats:italic>constant variables<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>frequently read\/updated variables<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>frequently executed action sequences<\/jats:italic>\n            . Therefore, we develop the\n            <jats:italic>UACFinder<\/jats:italic>\n            to automatically find these potential unspecified assumption\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            rather than unspecified assumptions themselves. Once the\n            <jats:italic>UACFinder<\/jats:italic>\n            identifies the potential unspecified assumption\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            , domain experts and developers can validate whether these\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            indeed carry unspecified assumptions. We use a simplified cardiac arrest treatment scenario as a case study to evaluate the\n            <jats:italic>UACFinder<\/jats:italic>\n            in mining potential\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            of unspecified assumptions. In addition, we invite a medical doctor to validate unspecified assumptions carried by the mined\n            <jats:italic>syntactic carriers<\/jats:italic>\n            . The case study demonstrates that the\n            <jats:italic>UACFinder<\/jats:italic>\n            is effective in helping to identify potential unspecified assumptions from system design models.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3375405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T07:49:20Z","timestamp":1583999360000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>UACFinder<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6915-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1500-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shangping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, and Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lui","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/170036.170072"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645920.672836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"American Heart Association. 2015. 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