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Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            In this article, we make the case for the new class of\n            <jats:italic>Self-aware Cyber-physical Systems.<\/jats:italic>\n            By bringing together the two established fields of cyber-physical systems and self-aware computing, we aim at creating systems with strongly increased yet managed autonomy, which is a main requirement for many emerging and future applications and technologies. Self-aware cyber-physical systems are situated in a physical environment and constrained in their resources, and they understand their own state and environment and, based on that understanding, are able to make decisions autonomously at runtime in a self-explanatory way. In an attempt to lay out a research agenda, we bring up and elaborate on five key challenges for future self-aware cyber-physical systems: (i) How can we build resource-sensitive yet self-aware systems? (ii) How to acknowledge situatedness and subjectivity? (iii) What are effective infrastructures for implementing self-awareness processes? (iv) How can we verify self-aware cyber-physical systems and, in particular, which guarantees can we give? (v) What novel development processes will be required to engineer self-aware cyber-physical systems? We review each of these challenges in some detail and emphasize that addressing all of them requires the system to make a comprehensive assessment of the situation and a continual introspection of its own state to sensibly balance diverse requirements, constraints, short-term and long-term objectives. Throughout, we draw on three examples of cyber-physical systems that may benefit from self-awareness: a multi-processor system-on-chip, a Mars rover, and an implanted insulin pump. These three very different systems nevertheless have similar characteristics: limited resources, complex unforeseeable environmental dynamics, high expectations on their reliability, and substantial levels of risk associated with malfunctioning. Using these examples, we discuss the potential role of self-awareness in both highly complex and rather more simple systems, and as a main conclusion we highlight the need for research on above listed topics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3375716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T22:59:32Z","timestamp":1592521172000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Self-aware Cyber-Physical Systems"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Bellman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TopcyHouse Consulting, Thousand Oaks, USA"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Landauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TopcyHouse Consulting, Thousand Oaks, USA"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Irvine, Irvine, USA"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Esterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Herkersdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU M\u00fcnchen, Munich, Germany"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Jantsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"TaheriNejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Platzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paderborn University, Warburgerstrasse, Paderborn, Germany"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Tammem\u00e4e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Rouillard","author":"Berg\u00e9 Jean-Michel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jean-Michel Berg\u00e9 , Oz Levia , and Jacques (editors) Rouillard . 1995 . High-level System Modeling: Specification Languages . Springer . Jean-Michel Berg\u00e9, Oz Levia, and Jacques (editors) Rouillard. 1995. High-level System Modeling: Specification Languages. 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