{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:32:25Z","timestamp":1791477145878,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digital Threats"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Massive dissemination of fake news and its potential to erode democracy has increased the demand for accurate fake news detection. Recent advancements in this area have proposed novel techniques that aim to detect fake news by exploring how it propagates on social networks. Nevertheless, to detect fake news at an early stage, i.e., when it is published on a news outlet but not yet spread on social media, one cannot rely on news propagation information as it does not exist. Hence, there is a strong need to develop approaches that can detect fake news by focusing on news content. In this article, a theory-driven model is proposed for fake news detection. The method investigates news content at various levels: lexicon-level, syntax-level, semantic-level, and discourse-level. We represent news at each level, relying on well-established theories in social and forensic psychology. Fake news detection is then conducted within a supervised machine learning framework. As an interdisciplinary research, our work explores potential fake news patterns, enhances the interpretability in fake news feature engineering, and studies the relationships among fake news, deception\/disinformation, and clickbaits. Experiments conducted on two real-world datasets indicate the proposed method can outperform the state-of-the-art and enable fake news early detection when there is limited content information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3377478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T01:41:29Z","timestamp":1591926089000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":235,"title":["Fake News Early Detection"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2388-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atishay","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5390-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vir V.","family":"Phoha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Zafarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT\u201916)","author":"Agrawal Amol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amol Agrawal . 2016 . Clickbait detection using deep learning . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT\u201916) . IEEE, 268--272. Amol Agrawal. 2016. Clickbait detection using deep learning. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT\u201916). IEEE, 268--272."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201917)","author":"Arora Sanjeev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanjeev Arora , Yingyu Liang , and Tengyu Ma . 2016 . A simple but tough-to-beat baseline for sentence embeddings . In The International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201917) . Sanjeev Arora, Yingyu Liang, and Tengyu Ma. 2016. A simple but tough-to-beat baseline for sentence embeddings. In The International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201917)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/oh.2009.ho2256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167294203006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9384.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference. ACM, 975--980","author":"Castelo Sonia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonia Castelo , Thais Almeida , Anas Elghafari , A\u00e9cio Santos , Kien Pham , Eduardo Nakamura , and Juliana Freire . 2019 . A topic-agnostic approach for identifying fake news pages . In Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference. ACM, 975--980 . Sonia Castelo, Thais Almeida, Anas Elghafari, A\u00e9cio Santos, Kien Pham, Eduardo Nakamura, and Juliana Freire. 2019. A topic-agnostic approach for identifying fake news pages. In Proceedings of the World Wide Web Conference. ACM, 975--980."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2016.7752207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Proc. ACM on Hum.-comput. Interact. 1, CSCW","author":"Chakraborty Abhijnan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abhijnan Chakraborty , Rajdeep Sarkar , Ayushi Mrigen , and Niloy Ganguly . 2017 . Tabloids in the era of social media?: Understanding the production and consumption of clickbaits in Twitter . Proc. ACM on Hum.-comput. Interact. 1, CSCW (2017), 30. Abhijnan Chakraborty, Rajdeep Sarkar, Ayushi Mrigen, and Niloy Ganguly. 2017. Tabloids in the era of social media?: Understanding the production and consumption of clickbaits in Twitter. Proc. ACM on Hum.-comput. Interact. 1, CSCW (2017), 30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection. ACM, 15--19","author":"Chen Yimin","unstructured":"Yimin Chen , Niall J. Conroy , and Victoria L. Rubin . 2015. Misleading online content: Recognizing clickbait as false news . In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection. ACM, 15--19 . Yimin Chen, Niall J. Conroy, and Victoria L. Rubin. 2015. Misleading online content: Recognizing clickbait as false news. In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Multimodal Deception Detection. ACM, 15--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer, 56--69","author":"Dong Manqing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manqing Dong , Lina Yao , Xianzhi Wang , Boualem Benatallah , and Chaoran Huang . 2019 . Similarity-aware deep attentive model for clickbait detection . In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer, 56--69 . Manqing Dong, Lina Yao, Xianzhi Wang, Boualem Benatallah, and Chaoran Huang. 2019. Similarity-aware deep attentive model for clickbait detection. In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer, 56--69."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2623330.2623623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359786"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2390665.2390708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Downworthy: A browser plugin to turn hyperbolic viral headlines into what they really mean. downworthy.snipe.net\/.","author":"Gianotto Alison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alison Gianotto . 2014 . Downworthy: A browser plugin to turn hyperbolic viral headlines into what they really mean. downworthy.snipe.net\/. (2014). Alison Gianotto. 2014. Downworthy: A browser plugin to turn hyperbolic viral headlines into what they really mean. downworthy.snipe.net\/. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972825.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"CIMTDetect: A community infused matrix-tensor coupled factorization based method for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1809.05252","author":"Gupta Shashank","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shashank Gupta , Raghuveer Thirukovalluru , Manjira Sinha , and Sandya Mannarswamy . 2018. CIMTDetect: A community infused matrix-tensor coupled factorization based method for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1809.05252 ( 2018 ). Shashank Gupta, Raghuveer Thirukovalluru, Manjira Sinha, and Sandya Mannarswamy. 2018. CIMTDetect: A community infused matrix-tensor coupled factorization based method for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1809.05252 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Syntax and Semantics","volume":"4","author":"Hooper Joan B.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Joan B. Hooper . 1974 . On assertive predicates . In Syntax and Semantics , Vol. 4 . Indiana University Linguistics Club. Joan B. Hooper. 1974. On assertive predicates. In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 4. Indiana University Linguistics Club."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science. ACM, 177--184","author":"Jaidka Kokil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kokil Jaidka , Tanya Goyal , and Niyati Chhaya . 2018 . Predicting email and article clickthroughs with domain-adaptive language models . In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science. ACM, 177--184 . Kokil Jaidka, Tanya Goyal, and Niyati Chhaya. 2018. Predicting email and article clickthroughs with domain-adaptive language models. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science. ACM, 177--184."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 52nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)","volume":"1","author":"Ji Yangfeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yangfeng Ji and Jacob Eisenstein . 2014 . Representation learning for text-level discourse parsing . In Proceedings of the 52nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , Vol. 1 . 13--24. Yangfeng Ji and Jacob Eisenstein. 2014. Representation learning for text-level discourse parsing. In Proceedings of the 52nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Vol. 1. 13--24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201916)","author":"Jin Zhiwei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhiwei Jin , Juan Cao , Yongdong Zhang , and Jiebo Luo . 2016 . News verification by exploiting conflicting social viewpoints in microblogs . In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201916) . 2972--2978. Zhiwei Jin, Juan Cao, Yongdong Zhang, and Jiebo Luo. 2016. News verification by exploiting conflicting social viewpoints in microblogs. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201916). 2972--2978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"A benchmark study on machine learning methods for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1905.04749","author":"Khan Junaed Younus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Junaed Younus Khan , Md Khondaker , Tawkat Islam , Anindya Iqbal , and Sadia Afroz . 2019. A benchmark study on machine learning methods for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1905.04749 ( 2019 ). Junaed Younus Khan, Md Khondaker, Tawkat Islam, Anindya Iqbal, and Sadia Afroz. 2019. A benchmark study on machine learning methods for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1905.04749 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. 1188--1196","author":"Le Quoc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Quoc Le and Tomas Mikolov . 2014 . Distributed representations of sentences and documents . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. 1188--1196 . Quoc Le and Tomas Mikolov. 2014. Distributed representations of sentences and documents. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning. 1188--1196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.","author":"Liu Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Liu and Yi-Fang Brook Wu . 2018 . Early detection of fake news on social media through propagation path classification with recurrent and convolutional networks . In Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Yang Liu and Yi-Fang Brook Wu. 2018. Early detection of fake news on social media through propagation path classification with recurrent and convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the 32nd AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.1.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X14534656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1301.3781","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov , Kai Chen , Greg Corrado , and Jeffrey Dean . 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1301.3781 ( 2013 ). Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. 2013. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1301.3781 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Bronstein","author":"Monti Federico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Federico Monti , Fabrizio Frasca , Davide Eynard , Damon Mannion , and Michael M . Bronstein . 2019 . Fake news detection on social media using geometric deep learning. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv :1902.06673 (2019). Federico Monti, Fabrizio Frasca, Davide Eynard, Damon Mannion, and Michael M. Bronstein. 2019. Fake news detection on social media using geometric deep learning. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1902.06673 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2483592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.2.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","volume":"13","author":"N\u00f8rregaard Jeppe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeppe N\u00f8rregaard , Benjamin D. Horne , and Sibel Adal\u0131 . 2019 . NELA-GT-2018: A large multi-labelled news dataset for the study of misinformation in news articles . In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media , Vol. 13 . 630--638. Jeppe N\u00f8rregaard, Benjamin D. Horne, and Sibel Adal\u0131. 2019. NELA-GT-2018: A large multi-labelled news dataset for the study of misinformation in news articles. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 13. 630--638."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"A survey on natural language processing for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1811.00770","author":"Oshikawa Ray","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ray Oshikawa , Jing Qian , and William Yang Wang . 2018. A survey on natural language processing for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1811.00770 ( 2018 ). Ray Oshikawa, Jing Qian, and William Yang Wang. 2018. A survey on natural language processing for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1811.00770 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR\u201918)","author":"Shivam","unstructured":"Shivam B. Parikh and Pradeep K. Atrey. 2018. Media-rich fake news detection: A survey . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR\u201918) . IEEE, 436--441. Shivam B. Parikh and Pradeep K. Atrey. 2018. Media-rich fake news detection: A survey. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR\u201918). IEEE, 436--441."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR\u201919)","author":"Parikh Shivam B.","unstructured":"Shivam B. Parikh , Vikram Patil , Ravi Makawana , and Pradeep K. Atrey . 2019. Towards impact scoring of fake news . In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR\u201919) . IEEE, 529--533. Shivam B. Parikh, Vikram Patil, Ravi Makawana, and Pradeep K. Atrey. 2019. Towards impact scoring of fake news. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR\u201919). IEEE, 529--533."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Automatic detection of fake news. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1708.07104","author":"P\u00e9rez-Rosas Ver\u00f3nica","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ver\u00f3nica P\u00e9rez-Rosas , Bennett Kleinberg , Alexandra Lefevre , and Rada Mihalcea . 2017. Automatic detection of fake news. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1708.07104 ( 2017 ). Ver\u00f3nica P\u00e9rez-Rosas, Bennett Kleinberg, Alexandra Lefevre, and Rada Mihalcea. 2017. Automatic detection of fake news. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1708.07104 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"A stylometric inquiry into hyperpartisan and fake news. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1702.05638","author":"Potthast Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin Potthast , Johannes Kiesel , Kevin Reinartz , Janek Bevendorff , and Benno Stein . 2017. A stylometric inquiry into hyperpartisan and fake news. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1702.05638 ( 2017 ). Martin Potthast, Johannes Kiesel, Kevin Reinartz, Janek Bevendorff, and Benno Stein. 2017. A stylometric inquiry into hyperpartisan and fake news. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1702.05638 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 810--817","author":"Potthast Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin Potthast , Sebastian K\u00f6psel , Benno Stein , and Matthias Hagen . 2016 . Clickbait detection . In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 810--817 . Martin Potthast, Sebastian K\u00f6psel, Benno Stein, and Matthias Hagen. 2016. Clickbait detection. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 810--817."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"\u201cfake news","author":"Rapoza Kenneth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kenneth Rapoza . 2017. Can \u201cfake news \u201d impact the stock market? Retrieved from www.forbes.com\/sites\/kenrapoza\/ 2017 \/02\/26\/can-fake-news-impact-the-stock-market\/ (9. 7. 2018). Kenneth Rapoza. 2017. Can \u201cfake news\u201d impact the stock market? Retrieved from www.forbes.com\/sites\/kenrapoza\/2017\/02\/26\/can-fake-news-impact-the-stock-market\/ (9. 7. 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 51st Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 1650--1659","author":"Recasens Marta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marta Recasens , Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil , and Dan Jurafsky . 2013 . Linguistic models for analyzing and detecting biased language . In Proceedings of the 51st Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 1650--1659 . Marta Recasens, Cristian Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, and Dan Jurafsky. 2013. Linguistic models for analyzing and detecting biased language. In Proceedings of the 51st Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 1650--1659."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.2015.145052010083"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23216"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132877"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2016.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. IEEE Press.","author":"Shu Kai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kai Shu , Limeng Cui , Suhang Wang , Dongwon Lee , and Huan Liu . 2019 . dEFEND: Explainable fake news detection . In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. IEEE Press. Kai Shu, Limeng Cui, Suhang Wang, Dongwon Lee, and Huan Liu. 2019. dEFEND: Explainable fake news detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. IEEE Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"FakeNewsNet: A data repository with news content, social context, and dynamic information for studying fake news on social media. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1809.01286","author":"Shu Kai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kai Shu , Deepak Mahudeswaran , Suhang Wang , Dongwon Lee , and Huan Liu . 2018. FakeNewsNet: A data repository with news content, social context, and dynamic information for studying fake news on social media. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1809.01286 ( 2018 ). Kai Shu, Deepak Mahudeswaran, Suhang Wang, Dongwon Lee, and Huan Liu. 2018. FakeNewsNet: A data repository with news content, social context, and dynamic information for studying fake news on social media. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1809.01286 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3290994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook. BuzzFeed News 16","author":"Silverman Craig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Craig Silverman . 2016. This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook. BuzzFeed News 16 ( 2016 ). Craig Silverman. 2016. This analysis shows how viral fake election news stories outperformed real news on Facebook. BuzzFeed News 16 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Credibility-based fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1911.00643","author":"Sitaula Niraj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niraj Sitaula , Chilukuri K. Mohan , Jennifer Grygiel , Xinyi Zhou , and Reza Zafarani . 2019. Credibility-based fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1911.00643 ( 2019 ). Niraj Sitaula, Chilukuri K. Mohan, Jennifer Grygiel, Xinyi Zhou, and Reza Zafarani. 2019. Credibility-based fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1911.00643 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185, 4157","author":"Tversky Amos","year":"1974","unstructured":"Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman . 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185, 4157 ( 1974 ), 1124--1131. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185, 4157 (1974), 1124--1131."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Beurteilung der glaubhaftigkeit von aussagen","volume":"11","author":"Undeutsch Udo","year":"1967","unstructured":"Udo Undeutsch . 1967 . Beurteilung der glaubhaftigkeit von aussagen . Handb. Psychol. 11 (1967), 26 -- 181 . Udo Undeutsch. 1967. Beurteilung der glaubhaftigkeit von aussagen. Handb. Psychol. 11 (1967), 26--181.","journal-title":"Handb. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380","author":"Vosoughi Soroush","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soroush Vosoughi , Deb Roy , and Sinan Aral . 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 ( 2018 ), 1146--1151. Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral. 2018. The spread of true and false news online. Science 359, 6380 (2018), 1146--1151."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"William Yang Wang. 2017. \u201cLiar liar pants on fire\u201d: A new benchmark dataset for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1705.00648 (2017).  William Yang Wang. 2017. \u201cLiar liar pants on fire\u201d: A new benchmark dataset for fake news detection. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1705.00648 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3219903"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE 31st International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201915)","author":"Wu Ke","unstructured":"Ke Wu , Song Yang , and Kenny Q. Zhu . 2015. False rumors detection on Sina Eeibo by propagation structures . In Proceedings of the IEEE 31st International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201915) . IEEE, 651--662. Ke Wu, Song Yang, and Kenny Q. Zhu. 2015. False rumors detection on Sina Eeibo by propagation structures. In Proceedings of the IEEE 31st International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE\u201915). IEEE, 651--662."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Mohammad Ali Abbasi, and Huan Liu","author":"Zafarani Reza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reza Zafarani , Mohammad Ali Abbasi, and Huan Liu . 2014 . Social Media Mining: An Introduction . Cambridge University Press . Reza Zafarani, Mohammad Ali Abbasi, and Huan Liu. 2014. Social Media Mining: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery 8 Data Mining. ACM, 3207--3208","author":"Zafarani Reza","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reza Zafarani , Xinyi Zhou , Kai Shu , and Huan Liu . 2019 . Fake news research: Theories, detection strategies, and open problems . In Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery 8 Data Mining. ACM, 3207--3208 . Reza Zafarani, Xinyi Zhou, Kai Shu, and Huan Liu. 2019. Fake news research: Theories, detection strategies, and open problems. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery 8 Data Mining. ACM, 3207--3208."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Web Conference. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 603--612","author":"Zhang Amy X.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amy X. Zhang , Aditya Ranganathan , Sarah Emlen Metz , Scott Appling , Connie Moon Sehat , Norman Gilmore , Nick B. Adams , Emmanuel Vincent , Jennifer Lee , Martin Robbins , 2018 . A structured response to misinformation: Defining and annotating credibility indicators in news articles . In Proceedings of the Web Conference. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 603--612 . Amy X. Zhang, Aditya Ranganathan, Sarah Emlen Metz, Scott Appling, Connie Moon Sehat, Norman Gilmore, Nick B. Adams, Emmanuel Vincent, Jennifer Lee, Martin Robbins, et al. 2018. A structured response to misinformation: Defining and annotating credibility indicators in news articles. In Proceedings of the Web Conference. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 603--612."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Gouza","author":"Zhang Jiawei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiawei Zhang , Limeng Cui , Yanjie Fu , and Fisher B . Gouza . 2018 . Fake news detection with deep diffusive network model. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv :1805.08751 (2018). Jiawei Zhang, Limeng Cui, Yanjie Fu, and Fisher B. Gouza. 2018. Fake news detection with deep diffusive network model. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1805.08751 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer.","author":"Zhou Xinyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xinyi Zhou , Jindi Wu , and Reza Zafarani . 2020 . SAFE: Similarity-aware multi-modal fake news detection . In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer. Xinyi Zhou, Jindi Wu, and Reza Zafarani. 2020. SAFE: Similarity-aware multi-modal fake news detection. In Proceedings of the Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Fake news: A survey of research, detection methods, and opportunities. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1812.00315","author":"Zhou Xinyi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xinyi Zhou and Reza Zafarani . 2018. Fake news: A survey of research, detection methods, and opportunities. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1812.00315 ( 2018 ). Xinyi Zhou and Reza Zafarani. 2018. Fake news: A survey of research, detection methods, and opportunities. Arxiv Preprint Arxiv:1812.00315 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373464.3373473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.","volume":"14","author":"Zuckerman Miron","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miron Zuckerman , Bella M. DePaulo , and Robert Rosenthal . 1981 . Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception . In Proceedings of the Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 14 . Elsevier, 1--59. Miron Zuckerman, Bella M. DePaulo, and Robert Rosenthal. 1981. Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. In Proceedings of the Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 14. Elsevier, 1--59."}],"container-title":["Digital Threats: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3377478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3377478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:33:18Z","timestamp":1750199598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3377478"}},"subtitle":["A Theory-driven Model"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3377478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3377478","relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-1626","2576-5337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"2576-5337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}