{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:33:17Z","timestamp":1767339197853,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GetMobile: Mobile Comp. and Comm."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional wireless network designs to date target endpoint designs that view the channel as a given. Examples include rate and power control at the transmitter, sophisticated receiver decoder designs, and high-performance forward error correction for the data itself. We instead explore whether it is possible to reconfigure the environment itself to facilitate wireless communication. In this work, we instrument the environment with a large array of inexpensive antenna (LAIA) elements, and design algorithms to configure LAIA elements in real time. Our system achieves a high level of programmability through rapid adjustments of an on-board phase shifter in each LAIA element. We design a channel decomposition algorithm to quickly estimate the wireless channel due to the environment alone, which leads us to a process to align the phases of the LAIA elements. We implement and deploy a 36-element LAIA array in a real indoor home environment. Experiments in this setting show that, by reconfiguring the wireless environment, we can achieve a 24% TCP throughput improvement on average and a median improvement of 51.4% in Shannon capacity over baseline single-antenna links.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3379092.3379102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]],"date-time":"2020-01-11T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1578716116000},"page":"23-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Programmable Radio Environments with Large Arrays of Inexpensive Antennas"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhuqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxiong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Shangguan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Ivan","family":"Zelaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Gummeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Jamieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"V.N. radar: An in-building rf-based user location and tracking system","author":"Bah P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"P. Bah and V Padmanabhan . ( 2000 ). V.N. radar: An in-building rf-based user location and tracking system . In IEEE INFOCOM. P. Bah and V Padmanabhan. (2000). V.N. radar: An in-building rf-based user location and tracking system. In IEEE INFOCOM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation","volume":"19","author":"Li Z.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Z. Li , Y Xie , L. Shangguan , R.I. Zelaya , J. Gummeson , W. Hu and K. Jamieson . Towards programming the radio environment with large arrays of inexpensive antennas. ( 2019 ). In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation , NSDI 19 , 285 -- 300 . Z. Li, Y Xie, L. Shangguan, R.I. Zelaya, J. Gummeson, W. Hu and K. Jamieson. Towards programming the radio environment with large arrays of inexpensive antennas. (2019). In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, NSDI 19, 285--300.","journal-title":"NSDI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"MobiCom.","author":"Miu A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"A. Miu , H. Balakrishnan , and C.E. Koksal . ( 2005 ). Improving loss resilience with multi-radio diversity in wireless networks . In MobiCom. A. Miu, H. Balakrishnan, and C.E. Koksal. (2005). Improving loss resilience with multi-radio diversity in wireless networks. In MobiCom."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Electromagnetic signal attenuation in construction materials. Tech. rep","author":"Stone W.C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"W.C. Stone . Electromagnetic signal attenuation in construction materials. Tech. rep ., National Institute of Standards and Technology , 1997 . W.C. Stone. Electromagnetic signal attenuation in construction materials. Tech. rep., National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Warp 802.11 throughput benchmarks. https:\/\/warpproject.org\/trac\/wiki\/802.11\/ Benchmarks\/Throughput.  Warp 802.11 throughput benchmarks. https:\/\/warpproject.org\/trac\/wiki\/802.11\/ Benchmarks\/Throughput."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Rice Univ. WARP platform (v. 3). https:\/\/ mangocomm.com\/products\/kits\/warp-v3-kit.  Rice Univ. WARP platform (v. 3). https:\/\/ mangocomm.com\/products\/kits\/warp-v3-kit."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Propagation losses through common building materials 2.4 ghz vs 5 ghz. (2002)","author":"Wilson R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"R. Wilson . Propagation losses through common building materials 2.4 ghz vs 5 ghz. (2002) . Magis Networks Inc.: San Diego, CA, USA ( 2002 ). R. Wilson. Propagation losses through common building materials 2.4 ghz vs 5 ghz. (2002). Magis Networks Inc.: San Diego, CA, USA (2002)."}],"container-title":["GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3379092.3379102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3379092.3379102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T23:44:48Z","timestamp":1750203888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3379092.3379102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3379092.3379102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3379092.3379102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-0529","2375-0537"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-0529"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-0537"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}