{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:43:55Z","timestamp":1778082235738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Healthcare"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The healthcare industry is the premier domain that has been significantly influenced by incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) technology resulting in smart healthcare application. Inspired by the enormous potential of IoT technology, this research provides a framework for an IoT-based smart toilet system, which enables home-based determination of Urinary Infection (UI) efficaciously. The overall system comprises a four-layered architecture for monitoring and predicting infection in urine. The layers include the Urine Acquisition, Urine Analyzation, Temporal Extraction, and Temporal Prediction layers, which enable an individual to monitor his or her health on daily basis and predict UI so that precautionary measures can be taken at early stages. Moreover, probabilistic quantification of urine infection in the form of Degree of Infectiousness (DoI) and Infection Index Value (IIV) were performed for infection prediction based on a temporal Artificial Neural Network. In addition, the presence of UI is displayed to the user based on a Self-Organized Mapping technique. For validation purposes, numerous experimental simulations were performed on four individuals for 60 days. Results were compared with different state-of-the-art techniques for measuring the overall efficiency of the proposed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3379506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]],"date-time":"2020-05-30T12:23:30Z","timestamp":1590841410000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["IoT-Inspired Smart Toilet System for Home-Based Urine Infection Prediction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munish","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovely Professional University, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simranpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amritsar College of Engineering and Technology, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep K.","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Future of Information and Communication Conference. 432--447","author":"Agana Moses Adah","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc2020010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78751","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2885234","article-title":"User health information analysis with a urine and feces separable smart toilet system","volume":"6","author":"Bae Jeong-Hyeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-016-0547-9","article-title":"Temporal informative analysis in smart-ICU monitoring: M-HealthCare perspective","volume":"40","author":"Bhatia Munish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4611-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"Fiber optic diffuse light reflectance sensor utilized in the detection of occult blood","volume":"5","author":"Boiarski Anthony","year":"1997","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2822302","article-title":"A community-based IoT personalized wireless healthcare solution trial","volume":"6","author":"Catherwood Philip A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile and Wireless Networking (MoWNeT\u201916)","author":"Chen Yuang","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 13th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN\u201915)","author":"Chin Jeannette","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors4040021","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted quartz crystal microbalance sensor (QCM) for bilirubin detection","volume":"4","author":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek \u00c7i\u011fdem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Internet of Things from Hype to Reality","author":"Dabbagh Mehiar"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1171","article-title":"Optimal workload allocation in fog-cloud computing toward balanced delay and power consumption","volume":"3","author":"Deng Ruilong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Developing smart toilets using IoT","volume":"119","author":"Elavarasi K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/13.1.57","article-title":"Quality of care for urinary incontinence in a rehabilitation setting for patients with stroke. Simultaneous monitoring of process and outcome","volume":"13","author":"Eldar Reuben","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal for Quality in Health Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Ionophore-based optical sensor for urine creatinine determination","volume":"4","author":"Erenas Miguel M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.01667","article-title":"Home-health-care physical therapy improves early functional recovery of medicare beneficiaries after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"100","author":"Falvey Jason R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options","volume":"13","author":"Flores-Mireles Ana L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2793350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"400","article-title":"Electronic hydrometer and method of determining the density of a liquid","volume":"4","author":"Guay Raymond","year":"1983","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.047","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection of urinary protein variations using tilted fiber grating sensors with plasmonic nanocoatings","volume":"78","author":"Guo Tuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosensors and Bioelectronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA\u201918)","author":"Gutte Ashwini","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.8337889","article-title":"Advances in next-generation networking technologies for smart healthcare","volume":"56","author":"Hossain M. Shamim","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"704","article-title":"Urinary diagnostic catheter","volume":"5","author":"Kalb Irvin M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2017.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking, and Mobile Computing (WiCOM\u201915)","author":"Kraijak Surapon","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000563","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2018-000563","article-title":"Reducing urinary tract infections in care homes by improving hydration","volume":"8","author":"Lean Katie","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Quality"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Suppl. 1","author":"Loke Khing","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Towards smart adaptive care toilets","volume":"260","author":"Mayer Peter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.09.003","article-title":"Urinary tract infection: Pathogenesis and outlook","volume":"22","author":"McLellan Lisa K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2018.1458258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Informatics and Soft Computing","author":"Mohanty Mohan Debarchan"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Applications. 97--107","author":"Mohanty Mohan Debarchan","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Raspberry Pi. 2015. Raspberry Pi Model B. Available at https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org.  Raspberry Pi. 2015. Raspberry Pi Model B. Available at https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Toilet lab: Diagnostic tests on smart toilets","volume":"64","author":"Ranjitkar Pratistha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 13th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications, and Services. IEEE","author":"Rantz Marilyn J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00279.x","article-title":"Comparison of home monitoring methods for feline urine pH measurement","volume":"31","author":"Raskin Rose E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Science Engineering and Management Research (ICSEMR\u201914)","author":"Ray Partha P.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38496.452581.8F","article-title":"Response to antibiotics of women with symptoms of urinary tract infection but negative dipstick urine test results: Double blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"331","author":"Richards Dee","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Sasirekha S. Swamynathan and S. Suganya. 2018. An ECC-based algorithm to handle secure communication between heterogeneous IoT devices. In Advances in Electronics Communication and Computing. Springer 351--362.  S. Sasirekha S. Swamynathan and S. Suganya. 2018. An ECC-based algorithm to handle secure communication between heterogeneous IoT devices. In Advances in Electronics Communication and Computing. Springer 351--362.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-4765-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2654421","article-title":"Diaper-embedded urinary tract infection monitoring sensor module powered by urine-activated batteries","volume":"11","author":"Seo Weeseong","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.01.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","article-title":"Anonymous lightweight chaotic map-based authenticated key agreement protocol for Industrial Internet of Things","author":"Srinivas Jangirala","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. Early access."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5978636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2017.2679740"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijbsbt.2013.5.5.25"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Mohsen Kahani, Rajesh Chand Arya, Gurpreet Singh Wander, and Rajkumar Buyya.","author":"Tuli Shreshth","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-019-0822-z","article-title":"Development of a novel mobile application to detect urine protein for nephrotic syndrome disease monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Wang Chia-Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao Wang Chengzhi Mao Hao He Mingmin Zhao Tommi S. Jaakkola and Dina Katabi. 2019. Bidirectional inference networks: A class of deep Bayesian networks for health profiling. arXiv:1902.02037.  Hao Wang Chengzhi Mao Hao He Mingmin Zhao Tommi S. Jaakkola and Dina Katabi. 2019. Bidirectional inference networks: A class of deep Bayesian networks for health profiling. arXiv:1902.02037.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2905303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","first-page":"050503","article-title":"Ultrasonic standing wave preparation of a liquid cell for glucose measurements in urine by midinfrared spectroscopy and potential application to smart toilets","volume":"23","author":"Yamamoto Naoyuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Optics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots (UR\u201918)","author":"Yoon W. Jong","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3379506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3379506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1750197743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3379506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3379506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3379506","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-1957","2637-8051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2691-1957","type":"print"},{"value":"2637-8051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}