{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T04:33:32Z","timestamp":1764131612004,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, a new trend of advanced applications with huge demands in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) is gaining ground. Even though Cloud computing provides mature management facilities with ubiquitous capabilities, novel requirements and workloads, foisted by new services, start to expose its weaknesses. In this context, a new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) trend aims at pushing computation from the Cloud to be much close as possible to data sources, raising in the evolution of new paradigms namely Fog and Mist computing. Specifically, the Fog computing paradigm exploits powerful nodes such as servers, routers, and cloudlets that are coupled with the end devices or their access networks accordingly; they are \u201drelatively\u201d close by the data sources. Whereas Mist computing, which is a lightweight form of Fog computing, pushes the resources even closer. Precisely, Mist computing uses particular nodes that could reside within the same network (e.g., Local Area Network (LAN)) as the end-devices. Considering the advancement that the hardware is knowing nowadays, Fog and Mist nodes are seen suitable to provide resources such as processing, storage, and networking in the proximity of data sources; thereby, the requirements of the new services could be met. Together with the Cloud, the Fog and Mist paradigms introduce a stacked architecture for data processing where a data pre-processing could be performed at the Mist level, then offloaded vertically to the upper layers (i.e., Fog nodes or the Cloud). In these circumstances, it is fundamental to build a management system able to provision efficiently the Fog\/Mist-based applications. For this purpose, the Operating System (OS)-level virtualization using containerization technologies, considering its light footprint, fits as a suitable solution to provide Fog\/Mist services. The industrial-grade Cloud middlewares, such as OpenStack, which is a reference architecture for Infrastructure-as-a-Service solutions, are still far away from incorporating this new trend. This article proposes an OpenStack-based middleware platform through which containers can be deployed\/managed at the Fog\/Mist levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3380955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T11:53:33Z","timestamp":1593431613000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cloud-based Enabling Mechanisms for Container Deployment and Migration at the Network Edge"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Benomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, Italy and Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Merlino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Puliafito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, Italy and CINI: National Interuniversity Consortium2 for Informatics, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 308--313","author":"Ahmad Muneeb","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Muneeb Ahmad , Jalal S. Alowibdi , and Muhammad U. Ilyas . 2017. vIoT: A first step towards a shared, multi-tenant IoT infrastructure architecture . In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 308--313 . Muneeb Ahmad, Jalal S. Alowibdi, and Muhammad U. Ilyas. 2017. vIoT: A first step towards a shared, multi-tenant IoT infrastructure architecture. In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 308--313."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Amazon. 2019. AWS Greengrass. Retrieved from https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/greengrass\/.  Amazon. 2019. AWS Greengrass. Retrieved from https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/greengrass\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2015.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.01.013"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications","author":"Benomar Zakaria","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"Zakaria Benomar , Dario Bruneo , Salvatore Distefano , Khalid Elbaamrani , Noureddine Idboufker , Francesco Longo , Giovanni Merlino , and Antonio Puliafito . 2018. Extending openstack for cloud-based networking at the edge . In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData). IEEE , 162--169. Zakaria Benomar, Dario Bruneo, Salvatore Distefano, Khalid Elbaamrani, Noureddine Idboufker, Francesco Longo, Giovanni Merlino, and Antonio Puliafito. 2018. Extending openstack for cloud-based networking at the edge. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData). IEEE, 162--169."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Linux Symposium","volume":"1","author":"Eric","unstructured":"Eric W. Biederman and Linux Networx. 2006. Multiple instances of the global linux namespaces . In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium , Vol. 1 . Citeseer, 101--112. Eric W. Biederman and Linux Networx. 2006. Multiple instances of the global linux namespaces. In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium, Vol. 1. Citeseer, 101--112."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2018.1151016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GIOTS.2017.8016263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITC-28.2016.212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"823","article-title":"Virtual local area network","volume":"4","author":"Chan Kenneth K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kenneth K. Chan , Philip W. Hartmann , Scott P. Lamons , Terry G. Lyons , and Argyrios C. Milonas . 1989 . Virtual local area network . US Patent 4 , 823 ,338. Kenneth K. Chan, Philip W. Hartmann, Scott P. Lamons, Terry G. Lyons, and Argyrios C. Milonas. 1989. Virtual local area network. US Patent 4,823,338.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSEE.2012.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2747214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2584538"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13677-017-0092-1"},{"volume-title":"Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends","year":"2017","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Cisco. 2019. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends , 2017 --2022 White Paper. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/service-provider\/visual-networking-index-vni\/white-paper-c11-741490.html Cisco. 2019. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Trends, 2017--2022 White Paper. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/en\/us\/solutions\/collateral\/service-provider\/visual-networking-index-vni\/white-paper-c11-741490.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2586"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Hypervisor: A survey on concepts and taxonomy","volume":"2","author":"Desai Ankita","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ankita Desai , Rachana Oza , Pratik Sharma , and Bhautik Patel . 2013 . Hypervisor: A survey on concepts and taxonomy . International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 2 , 3 (2013), 222 -- 225 . Ankita Desai, Rachana Oza, Pratik Sharma, and Bhautik Patel. 2013. Hypervisor: A survey on concepts and taxonomy. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 2, 3 (2013), 222--225.","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1974.6323581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594368.2594383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","article-title":"Virtualization with KVM","volume":"2008","author":"Habib Irfan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Irfan Habib . 2008 . Virtualization with KVM . Linux Journal 2008 , 166, Article 8 (Feb. 2008). http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1344209.1344217 Irfan Habib. 2008. Virtualization with KVM. Linux Journal 2008, 166, Article 8 (Feb. 2008). http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1344209.1344217","journal-title":"Linux Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3150928.3150957"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"IBM. 2019. IBM Watson IoT Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/cloud\/internet-of-things.  IBM. 2019. IBM Watson IoT Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/cloud\/internet-of-things."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2017.1700271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudNet.2017.8071529"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC.2016.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-016-0528-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132211.3134460"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3309705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Microsoft. 2019. Azure IoT Edge. Retrieved from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/iot-edge\/.  Microsoft. 2019. Azure IoT Edge. Retrieved from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/iot-edge\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700175"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Polakos","author":"Mouradian Carla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carla Mouradian , Diala Naboulsi , Sami Yangui , Roch H. Glitho , Monique J. Morrow , and Paul A . Polakos . 2017 . A comprehensive survey on fog computing: State-of-the-art and research challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys 8 Tutorials 20, 1 (2017), 416--464. Carla Mouradian, Diala Naboulsi, Sami Yangui, Roch H. Glitho, Monique J. Morrow, and Paul A. Polakos. 2017. A comprehensive survey on fog computing: State-of-the-art and research challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys 8 Tutorials 20, 1 (2017), 416--464."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2766165"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"Mark Patel Jason Shangkuan and Christopher Thomas. 2017. What\u2019s new with the Internet of Things? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/semiconductors\/our-insights\/whats-new-with-the-internet-of-things.  Mark Patel Jason Shangkuan and Christopher Thomas. 2017. What\u2019s new with the Internet of Things? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/semiconductors\/our-insights\/whats-new-with-the-internet-of-things."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2017.7947010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3301443"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Haifux","author":"Rosen Rami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rami Rosen . 2013 . Resource management: Linux kernel namespaces and cgroups . Haifux , May 186 (2013). Rami Rosen. 2013. Resource management: Linux kernel namespaces and cgroups. Haifux, May 186 (2013)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2485206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2016.145"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Arkady Zaslavsky, Ivana Podnar \u017darko, et\u00a0al.","author":"Soldatos John","year":"2015","unstructured":"John Soldatos , Nikos Kefalakis , Manfred Hauswirth , Martin Serrano , Jean-Paul Calbimonte , Mehdi Riahi , Karl Aberer , Prem Prakash Jayaraman , Arkady Zaslavsky, Ivana Podnar \u017darko, et\u00a0al. 2015 . Openiot : Open source internet-of-things in the cloud. In Interoperability and Open-source Solutions for the Internet of Things. Springer , 13--25. John Soldatos, Nikos Kefalakis, Manfred Hauswirth, Martin Serrano, Jean-Paul Calbimonte, Mehdi Riahi, Karl Aberer, Prem Prakash Jayaraman, Arkady Zaslavsky, Ivana Podnar \u017darko, et\u00a0al. 2015. Openiot: Open source internet-of-things in the cloud. In Interoperability and Open-source Solutions for the Internet of Things. Springer, 13--25."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1272996.1273025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2018.2827070"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP.2018.00038"},{"volume-title":"ClouT: Cloud of things for empowering the citizen clout in smart cities. In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)","author":"Tei Kenji","key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Kenji Tei and Levent G\u00fcrgen . 2014. ClouT: Cloud of things for empowering the citizen clout in smart cities. In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) . IEEE , 369--370. Kenji Tei and Levent G\u00fcrgen. 2014. ClouT: Cloud of things for empowering the citizen clout in smart cities. In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). IEEE, 369--370."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Nikolopoulos","author":"Wang Nan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nan Wang , Blesson Varghese , Michail Matthaiou , and Dimitrios S . Nikolopoulos . 2017 . ENORM : A framework for edge node resource management. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing ( 2017). Nan Wang, Blesson Varghese, Michail Matthaiou, and Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos. 2017. ENORM: A framework for edge node resource management. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2306328"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"A survey on virtual machine migration: Challenges, techniques, and open issues","author":"Zhang Fei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fei Zhang , Guangming Liu , Xiaoming Fu , and Ramin Yahyapour . 2018. A survey on virtual machine migration: Challenges, techniques, and open issues . IEEE Communications Surveys 8 Tutorials 20, 2 ( 2018 ), 1206--1243. Fei Zhang, Guangming Liu, Xiaoming Fu, and Ramin Yahyapour. 2018. A survey on virtual machine migration: Challenges, techniques, and open issues. IEEE Communications Surveys 8 Tutorials 20, 2 (2018), 1206--1243."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3380955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3380955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:32:46Z","timestamp":1750199566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3380955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3380955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3380955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1533-5399"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-6051"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}