{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:51:09Z","timestamp":1772301069745,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have proposed to use the Channel State Information (CSI) of WiFi wireless channel for human gesture recognition. As an important application, CSI-based driver activity recognition in passenger vehicles has received increasing research attention. However, a serious limitation of almost all the existing WiFi-based recognition solutions is that they can only recognize the activity of a single person at a time, because the activities of other people (if performed at the same time) can interfere with the WiFi signals. In a sharp contrast, there can often be one or more passengers in any vehicles.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>In this paper, we propose CARIN, CSI-based driver Activity Recognition under the INterference of passengers. CARIN features a combination-based solution that profiles all the possible activity combinations of driver and (one or more) passengers in offline training and then performs recognition online. To attack possible combination explosion, we first leverage in-car pressure sensors to significantly reduce combinations, because there are only limited seating options in a passenger vehicle. We then formulate a distance minimization problem for fast runtime recognition. In addition, a period analysis methodology is designed based on the kNN classifier to recognize activities that have a sequence of body movements, like continuous head nodding due to driver fatigue. Our results in a real car with 3,000 real-world traces show that CARIN can achieve an overall F1 score of 90.9%, and outperforms the three state-of-the-art solutions by 32.2%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3380992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T18:54:31Z","timestamp":1584557671000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["CARIN"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yunhao","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"2017. Distracted Driving. https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/risky-driving\/distracted-driving  2017. Distracted Driving. https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/risky-driving\/distracted-driving"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2019.00094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361002.361007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"2005 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2005. IGARSS'05. IEEE, 4311--4314","author":"Chen Yangchi","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Manning Christopher et al. 2008. Introduction to information retrieval. An Introduction To Information Retrieval (2008).  D Manning Christopher et al. 2008. Introduction to information retrieval. An Introduction To Information Retrieval (2008).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809071"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"SIGCOMM'11","author":"Daniel"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Independent Component Analysis","author":"Hyv\u00e4rinen Aapo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"WiFind: Driver Fatigue Detection with Fine-grained Wi-Fi Signal Features","author":"Jia Weijia","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","author":"Landu","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achuta Kadambi Ayush Bhandari and Ramesh Raskar. 2014. 3D depth cameras in vision: Benefits and Limitations of the Hardware. In Computer Vision and Machine Learning with RGB-D Sensors. 3--26.  Achuta Kadambi Ayush Bhandari and Ramesh Raskar. 2014. 3D depth cameras in vision: Benefits and Limitations of the Hardware. In Computer Vision and Machine Learning with RGB-D Sensors. 3--26.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08651-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"INFOCOM'16","author":"Cagdas"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2006.872618"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyeon-Kyu Lee etal 1999. An HMM-based Threshold Model Approach for Gesture Recognition. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence (1999).  Hyeon-Kyu Lee et al. 1999. An HMM-based Threshold Model Approach for Gesture Recognition. IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence (1999).","DOI":"10.1109\/34.799904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems","author":"Lin Adrian","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.862202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2500423.2500436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"CHI'17","author":"Kun"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"The Elephant in the Room. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.03305","author":"Rosenfeld Amir","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Sun et al. 2015. WiDraw: Enabling Hands-free Drawing in the Air on Commodity Wifi Devices. In MobiCom.  Li Sun et al. 2015. WiDraw: Enabling Hands-free Drawing in the Air on Commodity Wifi Devices. In MobiCom.","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210335"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guanhua Wang et al. 2016. We Can Hear You With Wi-Fi! IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.  Guanhua Wang et al. 2016. We Can Hear You With Wi-Fi! IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2517630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei Wang et al. 2015. Understanding and Modeling of WiFi Signal based Human Activity Recognition. In MobiCom'15.  Wei Wang et al. 2015. Understanding and Modeling of WiFi Signal based Human Activity Recognition. In MobiCom'15.","DOI":"10.1145\/2789168.2790093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Hidden Markov Models and the Baum-Welch Algorithm","author":"Welch L. R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971658"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Electronic Frog Eye: Counting Crowd Using WiFi. In INFOCOM'14","author":"Wei"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281411.3281414"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"A re-examination of text categorization methods","volume":"99","author":"Yang Yiming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sigir"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies","author":"Nan","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"WiWho: WiFi-based Person Identification in Smart Spaces. In IPSN'16","author":"Yunze"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"BreathTrack: Tracking Indoor Human Breath Status via Commodity WiFi","author":"Zhang Dongheng","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Smokey: Ubiquitous Smoking Detection with Commercial WiFi Infrastructures. In INFOCOM","author":"Xiaolong","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3380992","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3380992","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:32:46Z","timestamp":1750199566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3380992"}},"subtitle":["Wireless CSI-based Driver Activity Recognition under the Interference of Passengers"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3380992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3380992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}