{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:43:11Z","timestamp":1773312191147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Consumer sleep-tracking devices provide an unobtrusive and affordable way to learn about personal sleep habits. Recent research focused primarily on the information provided by such devices, i.e., whether the information is accurate and meaningful to people. However, little is known about how people judge the credibility of such information, and how the functionality and the design may influence such judgements. Hence, the aim of this research was to examine how consumers assess the credibility of sleep-tracking devices. We conducted a qualitative study with 22 participants who tracked their sleep for 3 nights with three different devices: Fitbit Charge 2, Neuroon EEG, and SleepScope, a medical sleep monitor. Based on semi-structured interviews, we found that people assess the credibility of sleep-tracking devices based not only on the credibility of sleep data per se, but also on device functionality, interface design and physical appearance. People found it difficult to judge credibility, because of the complexities of sleep stages and micro-arousals (sleep fallacy) and the black boxed nature of devices (black box fallacy), and also because of the misalignment between objective sleep measures and subjective sleep quality. We discuss the significance of design and functionality on the credibility of personal health technologies and highlight design challenges and opportunities to enhance their credibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3380994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T18:54:31Z","timestamp":1584557671000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["How Does Fitbit Measure Brainwaves"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Zilu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto University of Advanced Science (KUAS), Yamanouchi Gotanda-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Ploderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2001.0181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"Human immune system during sleep","volume":"6","author":"Asif Nayyab","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nayyab Asif , Razia Iqbal , and Chaudhry Fahad Nazir . 2017 . Human immune system during sleep . American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology 6 , 6 (2017), 92 -- 96 . Nayyab Asif, Razia Iqbal, and Chaudhry Fahad Nazir. 2017. Human immune system during sleep. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology 6, 6 (2017), 92--96.","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Polysomnography is crucial to the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing syndromes in patients with hypermobility spectrum disorder (P1.099). Neurology 90, 15 Supplement","author":"Babcock Lauren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lauren Babcock , Kelsey Riggs , Vernon Rowe , John Hunter , Arlene O'Shea , Doug Schell , Dorsey Paul , Mark Varona , Shelia Miller , James Barnett , and Snehal Kadia . 2018. Polysomnography is crucial to the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing syndromes in patients with hypermobility spectrum disorder (P1.099). Neurology 90, 15 Supplement ( 2018 ). Lauren Babcock, Kelsey Riggs, Vernon Rowe, John Hunter, Arlene O'Shea, Doug Schell, Dorsey Paul, Mark Varona, Shelia Miller, James Barnett, and Snehal Kadia. 2018. Polysomnography is crucial to the diagnosis of sleep disordered breathing syndromes in patients with hypermobility spectrum disorder (P1.099). Neurology 90, 15 Supplement (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press","author":"Bauer Jared S.","year":"2076","unstructured":"Jared S. Bauer , Sunny Consolvo , Ben Greenstein , Jonathan W Schooler , Eric Wu , Nathaniel F Watson , and Julie A. Kientz . 2012. ShutEye: encouraging awareness of healthy sleep recommendations with a mobile, peripheral display . In Proceedings of the 2012 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press , New York, NY, 1401--1410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2 2076 76.2208600 10.1145\/2207676.2208600 Jared S. Bauer, Sunny Consolvo, Ben Greenstein, Jonathan W Schooler, Eric Wu, Nathaniel F Watson, and Julie A. Kientz. 2012. ShutEye: encouraging awareness of healthy sleep recommendations with a mobile, peripheral display. In Proceedings of the 2012 SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, NY, 1401--1410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2207676.2208600"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.20.2612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Metric Culture: Ontologies of Self-tracking Practices","author":"Bornemark J.","unstructured":"J. Bornemark . 2018. The limits of ratio: an analysis of NPM in Sweden using Nicholas of Cusa's understanding of reason . In Metric Culture: Ontologies of Self-tracking Practices , B. Ajana (Ed.). Emerald Publishing Limited , UK , 235--253. J. Bornemark. 2018. The limits of ratio: an analysis of NPM in Sweden using Nicholas of Cusa's understanding of reason. In Metric Culture: Ontologies of Self-tracking Practices, B. Ajana (Ed.). Emerald Publishing Limited, UK, 235--253."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"Effect of age on EEG arousals in normal sleep","volume":"21","author":"Boselli M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"M. Boselli , L. Parrino , A. Smerieri , and M. Terzano . 1998 . Effect of age on EEG arousals in normal sleep . Sleep 21 , 4 (1998), 351 -- 357 . M. Boselli, L. Parrino, A. Smerieri, and M. Terzano. 1998. Effect of age on EEG arousals in normal sleep. Sleep 21, 4 (1998), 351--357.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/266350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press","author":"Choe Eun Kyoung","year":"1978","unstructured":"Eun Kyoung Choe , Sunny Consolvo , Nathaniel F Watson , and Julie A. Kientz . 2011. Opportunities for computing technologies to support healthy sleep behaviors . In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press , New York, NY, 3053--3062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/ 1978 942.1979395 10.1145\/1978942.1979395 Eun Kyoung Choe, Sunny Consolvo, Nathaniel F Watson, and Julie A. Kientz. 2011. Opportunities for computing technologies to support healthy sleep behaviors. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, New York, NY, 3053--3062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1978942.1979395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM Press","author":"Choe Eun Kyoung","unstructured":"Eun Kyoung Choe , Bongshin Lee , Wanda Marie Pratt Matthew Kay , and Julie A. Kientz . 2015. SleepTight: low-burden, self-monitoring technology for capturing and reflecting on sleep behaviors . In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM Press , New York, NY, 121--132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2750858.2804266 10.1145\/2750858.2804266 Eun Kyoung Choe, Bongshin Lee, Wanda Marie Pratt Matthew Kay, and Julie A. Kientz. 2015. SleepTight: low-burden, self-monitoring technology for capturing and reflecting on sleep behaviors. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM Press, New York, NY, 121--132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2750858.2804266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2984511.2984534"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1054395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1413578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.2.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5.3.e21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02627.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Credibility of health information and digital media: new perspectives and implications for youth. Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility. Number 123--154","author":"Eysenbach Gunther","unstructured":"Gunther Eysenbach . 2008. Credibility of health information and digital media: new perspectives and implications for youth. Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility. Number 123--154 . The MIT Press , Cambridge, MA . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/dmal.9780262562324.123 10.1162\/dmal.9780262562324.123 Gunther Eysenbach. 2008. Credibility of health information and digital media: new perspectives and implications for youth. Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility. Number 123--154. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/dmal.9780262562324.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.303001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"An examination of factors that affect the credibility of online health information","volume":"51","author":"Freeman Krisandra S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krisandra S. Freeman and Jan H. Spyridakis . 2004 . An examination of factors that affect the credibility of online health information . Technical Communication 51 , 2 (2004), 239 -- 263 . Krisandra S. Freeman and Jan H. Spyridakis. 2004. An examination of factors that affect the credibility of online health information. Technical Communication 51, 2 (2004), 239--263.","journal-title":"Technical Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"How credible is the credibility crisis","volume":"65","author":"Gaziano Cecilie","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cecilie Gaziano . 1988 . How credible is the credibility crisis ? Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly 65 , 2 (1988), 267 -- 278 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107769908806500202 10.1177\/107769908806500202 Cecilie Gaziano. 1988. How credible is the credibility crisis? Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly 65, 2 (1988), 267--278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107769908806500202","journal-title":"Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/269308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.40.3.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.3.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3162-15.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Kyle","author":"Herbert Vanessa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vanessa Herbert , Daniel Pratt , Richard Emsley , and Simon D . Kyle . 2017 . Predictors of nightly subjective-objective sleep discrepancy in poor sleepers over a seven-day period. Brain Sciences 7, 3 (2017), Article 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci7030029 10.3390\/brainsci7030029 Vanessa Herbert, Daniel Pratt, Richard Emsley, and Simon D. Kyle. 2017. Predictors of nightly subjective-objective sleep discrepancy in poor sleepers over a seven-day period. Brain Sciences 7, 3 (2017), Article 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci7030029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Hsin-Chien Lee, Ling-Chun Chen, We-Kang Lee, Lu-Hsin Lu, and Yu-Zu Wu.","author":"Hsiao Fan-Chi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan-Chi Hsiao , Pei-Jung Tsai , Changwei W Wu , Chien-Ming Yang , Timothy Joseph Lane , Hsin-Chien Lee, Ling-Chun Chen, We-Kang Lee, Lu-Hsin Lu, and Yu-Zu Wu. 2018 . The neurophysiological basis of the discrepancy between objective and subjective sleep during the sleep onset period: an EEG-fMRI study. Sleep 41, 6 (2018), zsy056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy056 10.1093\/sleep Fan-Chi Hsiao, Pei-Jung Tsai, Changwei W Wu, Chien-Ming Yang, Timothy Joseph Lane, Hsin-Chien Lee, Ling-Chun Chen, We-Kang Lee, Lu-Hsin Lu, and Yu-Zu Wu. 2018. The neurophysiological basis of the discrepancy between objective and subjective sleep during the sleep onset period: an EEG-fMRI study. Sleep 41, 6 (2018), zsy056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsy056"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Quan","author":"Iber C","year":"2017","unstructured":"C Iber , Sonia Ancoli-Israel , A. L. Chesson , and Stuart F . Quan . 2017 . For the American Academy of Sleep Medicine . The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications. Darien, IL : American Academy of Sleep Medicine Version 2.4 (2017). C Iber, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, A. L. Chesson, and Stuart F. Quan. 2017. For the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine Version 2.4 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Kostopoulos","author":"Ioannides Andreas A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreas A. Ioannides , Lichan Liu , Vahe Poghosyan , and George K . Kostopoulos . 2017 . Using MEG to understand the progression of light sleep and the emergence and functional roles of spindles and K-complexes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (2017), Article 313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00313 10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00313 Andreas A. Ioannides, Lichan Liu, Vahe Poghosyan, and George K. Kostopoulos. 2017. Using MEG to understand the progression of light sleep and the emergence and functional roles of spindles and K-complexes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (2017), Article 313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00313"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182359e77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of CHI","author":"Jonsson Ing-Marie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ing-Marie Jonsson , Helen Harris , and Clifford Nass . 2008 . How accurate must an in-car information system be? Consequences of accurate and inaccurate information in cars . In Proceedings of CHI 2008. ACM Press, New York, NY, 1665--1674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1357054.1357315 10.1145\/1357054.1357315 Ing-Marie Jonsson, Helen Harris, and Clifford Nass. 2008. How accurate must an in-car information system be? Consequences of accurate and inaccurate information in cars. In Proceedings of CHI 2008. ACM Press, New York, NY, 1665--1674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1357054.1357315"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. ACM Press","author":"Kay Matthew","unstructured":"Matthew Kay , Eun Kyoung Choe , Jesse Shepherd , Benjamin Greenstein , Nathaniel Watson , Sunny Consolvo , and Julie A. Kientz . 2012. Lullaby: a capture access system for understanding the sleep environment . In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. ACM Press , New York, NY, 226--234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2370216.2370253 10.1145\/2370216.2370253 Matthew Kay, Eun Kyoung Choe, Jesse Shepherd, Benjamin Greenstein, Nathaniel Watson, Sunny Consolvo, and Julie A. Kientz. 2012. Lullaby: a capture access system for understanding the sleep environment. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. ACM Press, New York, NY, 226--234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2370216.2370253"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.2016.1171708"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70011-X","article-title":"Measuring sleep quality","volume":"9","author":"Krystal Andrew D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrew D. Krystal and Jack D. Edinger . 2018 . Measuring sleep quality . Sleep Medicine 9, Supplement 1 (2018), S10 - S17 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70011-X 10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70011-X Andrew D. Krystal and Jack D. Edinger. 2018. Measuring sleep quality. Sleep Medicine 9, Supplement 1 (2018), S10-S17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70011-X","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2804288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Not all errors are created equal: influence of user characteristics on measuring errors of consumer wearable devices for sleep tracking","volume":"18","author":"Liang Zilu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zilu Liang and Mario Alberto Chapa-Martell . 2018 . Not all errors are created equal: influence of user characteristics on measuring errors of consumer wearable devices for sleep tracking . EAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology 18 , 15 (2018), e4 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.24-7-2018.159404 10.4108\/eai.24-7-2018.159404 Zilu Liang and Mario Alberto Chapa-Martell. 2018. Not all errors are created equal: influence of user characteristics on measuring errors of consumer wearable devices for sleep tracking. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology 18, 15 (2018), e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4108\/eai.24-7-2018.159404","journal-title":"EAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-018-0013-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2019.8730805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3010915.3010988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3154862.3154897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-016-0960-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2838739.2838742"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21938"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050646"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00018-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1872"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Circadian impairment of distal skin temperature rhythm in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 40, 6","author":"Martinez-Nicolas Antonio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antonio Martinez-Nicolas , Marc Guaita , Joan Santamar\u00eda , Josep M. Montserrat , Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles Rol , and Juan Antonio Madrid . 2017. Circadian impairment of distal skin temperature rhythm in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 40, 6 ( 2017 ), zsx067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx067 10.1093\/sleep Antonio Martinez-Nicolas, Marc Guaita, Joan Santamar\u00eda, Josep M. Montserrat, Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles Rol, and Juan Antonio Madrid. 2017. Circadian impairment of distal skin temperature rhythm in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 40, 6 (2017), zsx067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx067"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.1664"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1282100.1282180"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e318252e3ff"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80013-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.08.792"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"This sleep-tracking medical device is so good it's being tested by Japan's astronauts. Retrieved","author":"Quigley J.T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"J.T. Quigley . 2014. This sleep-tracking medical device is so good it's being tested by Japan's astronauts. Retrieved February 6, 2020 from https:\/\/www.techinasia.com\/sleepwell-sleep-scope-japan-medtech-startup-eeg-alternative J.T. Quigley. 2014. This sleep-tracking medical device is so good it's being tested by Japan's astronauts. Retrieved February 6, 2020 from https:\/\/www.techinasia.com\/sleepwell-sleep-scope-japan-medtech-startup-eeg-alternative"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'17)","author":"Ravichandran Ruth","unstructured":"Ruth Ravichandran , Sang-Wha Sien , Shwetak N. Patel , Julie A. Kientz , and Laura R. Pina . 2017. Making sense of sleep sensors: how sleep sensing technologies support and undermine sleep health . In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'17) . ACM Press, New York, NY, 6864--6875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025557 10.1145\/3025453.3025557 Ruth Ravichandran, Sang-Wha Sien, Shwetak N. Patel, Julie A. Kientz, and Laura R. Pina. 2017. Making sense of sleep sensors: how sleep sensing technologies support and undermine sleep health. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'17). ACM Press, New York, NY, 6864--6875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3025453.3025557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Fitbit Charge 2 fitness tracker. Retrieved","author":"Consumer Reports CR","year":"2020","unstructured":"CR Consumer Reports . 2020. Fitbit Charge 2 fitness tracker. Retrieved February 6, 2020 from https:\/\/www.consumerreports.org\/products\/fitness-tracker\/fitbit-charge-2-387694\/overview\/ CR Consumer Reports. 2020. Fitbit Charge 2 fitness tracker. Retrieved February 6, 2020 from https:\/\/www.consumerreports.org\/products\/fitness-tracker\/fitbit-charge-2-387694\/overview\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2007.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1672957.1672975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Neuroon: Intelligent sleep mask and light therapy device. Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sleeptrackers.io. 2020 . Neuroon: Intelligent sleep mask and light therapy device. Retrieved February 6, 2020 from https:\/\/sleeptrackers.io\/neuroon-mask Sleeptrackers.io. 2020. Neuroon: Intelligent sleep mask and light therapy device. Retrieved February 6, 2020 from https:\/\/sleeptrackers.io\/neuroon-mask"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/301353.301402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Heart rate variability, sleep, and the early detection of post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep and Combat-Relate Post Traumatic Stress Disorder","author":"van Boxtel Geert J. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Geert J. M. van Boxtel , Pierre J. M. Cluitmans , Roy J. E. M. Raymann , and Martin Ouwerkerk . 2018. Heart rate variability, sleep, and the early detection of post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep and Combat-Relate Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( 2018 ), 253--263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7148-0_22 10.1007\/978-1-4939-7148-0_22 Geert J. M. van Boxtel, Pierre J. M. Cluitmans, Roy J. E. M. Raymann, and Martin Ouwerkerk. 2018. Heart rate variability, sleep, and the early detection of post-traumatic stress disorder. Sleep and Combat-Relate Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (2018), 253--263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-7148-0_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2014.974181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2746229"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2541288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2804269"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3380994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3380994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:32:46Z","timestamp":1750199566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3380994"}},"subtitle":["A Qualitative Study into the Credibility of Sleep-tracking Technologies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3380994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3380994","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-03-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}