{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T07:16:12Z","timestamp":1776496572695,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Named entity recognition (NER) refers to the identification of proper nouns from natural language text and classifying them into named entity types, such as person, location, and organization. Due to the widespread applications of NER, numerous NER techniques and benchmark datasets have been developed for both Western and Asian languages. Even though Shahmukhi script of the Punjabi language has been used by nearly three fourths of the Punjabi speakers worldwide, Gurmukhi has been the main focus of research activities. Specifically, a benchmark NER corpus for Shahmukhi is non-existent, which has thwarted the commencement of NER research for the Shahmukhi script. To this end, this article presents the development and specifications of the first-ever NER corpus for Shahmukhi. The newly developed corpus is composed of 318,275 tokens and 16,300 named entities, including 11,147 persons, 3,140 locations, and 2,013 organizations. To establish the strength of our corpus, we have compared the specifications of our corpus with its Gurmukhi counterparts. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the usability of our corpus using five supervised learning techniques, including two state-of-the-art deep learning techniques. The results are compared, and valuable insights about the behaviors of the most effective technique are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3383306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T06:53:19Z","timestamp":1588575199000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Named Entity Recognition and Classification for Punjabi Shahmukhi"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Tayyab","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Kamran","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8433-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khurram","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubair","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-017-0632-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ICON-2009: 7th International Conference on Natural Language Processing. 167--173","author":"Lehal Gurpreet Singh","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1967293.1967296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00178"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Amess David","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Canada Statistics","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Census Bureau","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Singh Manpreet K.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201916)","author":"Motlani Raveesh","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Named entity recognition system for postpositional languages: Urdu as a case study","volume":"7","author":"Malik Muhammad Kamran","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3129290"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-008-9064-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Urdu named entity recognition: Corpus generation and deep learning applications","volume":"19","author":"Kanwal Safia","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Proceeding of the 7th Message Understanding Conference (MUC-7), Appendices. 359--367","author":"Chinchor Nancy","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201914)","author":"Fromreide Hege","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Reijers","author":"Vanwersch Rob J. 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