{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:35:04Z","timestamp":1773840904814,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cAutomatic generation of SL from Hindi Text for communication and education of hearing impaired people\u201d"},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Science for Equity, Empowerment and Development","award":["SEED\/TIDE\/011\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEED\/TIDE\/011\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Government of India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sign Language (SL), also known as gesture-based language, is used by people with hearing loss to convey their messages. SL interpreters are required for people who do not have the knowledge of SL, but interpreters are not readily available. Thus, a machine-based translation system is required to translate the text into SL. In this article, a system is implemented for translating English text into Indian Sign Language (ISL). It acts as a tool for human-computer interaction and eliminates the need for an ISL human interpreter for communicating with people who have hearing loss. The system features a rich corpus of English words and commonly used sentences. It consists of components such as an ISL parser, the Hamburg Notation System, the Signing Gesture Mark-up Language, and 3D avatar animation for generating SL according to ISL grammar. The proposed system has been tested rigorously by SL users. The results proved that the proposed system is highly efficient and achieves an average score of accuracy (i.e., 4.2 for English words and 3.8 for sentences on a scale from 1 to 5). The performance of proposed system has also been evaluated using the BiLingual Evaluation Understudy score, which results in 0.95 accuracy. The proposed system and mobile application together has the potential to bring individuals with hearing loss and their entourage together.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3384202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T11:35:45Z","timestamp":1588592145000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Sign Language Generation System Based on Indian Sign Language Grammar"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Sugandhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}]},{"given":"Parteek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}]},{"given":"Sanmeet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1378773.1378818"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"INGIT: Limited domain formulaic translation from Hindi strings to Indian sign language","volume":"52","author":"Kar Purushottam","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICON"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201904)","volume":"4","author":"Hanke Thomas","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1641417.1641450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-39965-8_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1994.tb00003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/310930.310975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"An avatar based translation system from Arabic speech to Arabic sign language for deaf people","volume":"2","author":"Halawani Sami M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Science and Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Domain bounded English to Indian sign language translation model","volume":"3","author":"Ali Syed Faraz","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2013.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Machine translation of Indian signs for endocrinologist","volume":"4","author":"Mishra Jagriti","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2014.6968333"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Jestin Joy and Kannan Balakrishnan. 2014. A prototype Malayalam to sign language automatic translator. arXiv:1412.7415.  Jestin Joy and Kannan Balakrishnan. 2014. A prototype Malayalam to sign language automatic translator. arXiv:1412.7415."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NGCT.2015.7375251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Indian sign language animation generation system for Gurumukhi script","volume":"6","author":"Verma Amit","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Paras Vij and Parteek Bhatia. 2016. Translator of Hindi Text to ISL and Extension of ISL Dictionary with WordNet. Master\u2019s Thesis. Thapar University.  Paras Vij and Parteek Bhatia. 2016. Translator of Hindi Text to ISL and Extension of ISL Dictionary with WordNet. Master\u2019s Thesis. Thapar University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i32\/100729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulrike Zeshan. 2000. Sign Language in Indo-Pakistan: A Description of a Signed Language. John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/z.101  Ulrike Zeshan. 2000. Sign Language in Indo-Pakistan: A Description of a Signed Language. John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1075\/z.101","DOI":"10.1075\/z.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samar Sinha. 2017. Indian Sign Language: A Linguistic Analysis of Its Grammar. Gallaudet University Press. https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Indian-Sign-Language-Linguistic-Analysis\/dp\/1944838082  Samar Sinha. 2017. Indian Sign Language: A Linguistic Analysis of Its Grammar. Gallaudet University Press. https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Indian-Sign-Language-Linguistic-Analysis\/dp\/1944838082","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv2rcnfqg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"The Yearbook of South Asian Languages and Linguistics","author":"Aboh Enoch O."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Online multilingual dictionary using Hamburg notation for avatar-based Indian sign language generation system","volume":"12","author":"Kumar Parteek","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive and Language Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies. 84--87","author":"Elliott Ralph","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation. 169--177","author":"Stein Daniel","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3384202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3384202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T22:03:23Z","timestamp":1750197803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3384202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3384202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3384202","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-4699","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-4702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-02-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}