{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:41:15Z","timestamp":1782834075687,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"HOPL","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Program. Lang."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Logo is more than a programming language. It is a learning environment where children explore mathematical ideas and create projects of their own design. Logo, the first computer language explicitly designed for children, was invented by Seymour Papert, Wallace Feurzeig, Daniel Bobrow, and Cynthia Solomon in 1966 at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN).<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Logo\u2019s design drew upon two theoretical frameworks: Jean Piaget\u2019s constructivism and Marvin Minsky\u2019s artificial intelligence research at MIT. One of Logo\u2019s foundational ideas was that children should have a powerful programming environment. Early Lisp served as a model with its symbolic computation, recursive functions, operations on linked lists, and dynamic scoping of variables.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Logo became a symbol for change in elementary mathematics education and in the nature of school itself. The search for harnessing the computer\u2019s potential to provide new ways of teaching and learning became a central focus and guiding principle in the Logo language development as it encompassed a widening scope that included natural language, music, graphics, animation, story telling, turtle geometry, robots, and other physical devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3386329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T16:22:59Z","timestamp":1591978979000},"page":"1-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["History of Logo"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Solomon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cynthia Solomon Consulting, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Berkeley, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learningtech.org, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Minsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artemis","family":"Papert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"n.n., n.n."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Playful Invention, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Harold Abelson. 1982. 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